Methods of Fracturing a Well Using Venturi Section

ABSTRACT

Methods of fracturing a well can include the steps of: (A) obtaining a fracturing job design having at least one treatment interval; (B) running a tubular string into the treatment interval; (C) before or after the step of running, forming one or more tubular string openings in the tubular string, wherein after the step of running, the one or more tubular string openings are positioned in the treatment interval; (D) except for the axial passageway of the tubular string, blocking at least 86% of the nominal cross-sectional area of the treatment interval that is between one of the ends of the treatment interval and the axially closest of the one or more tubular string openings, and, except for the axial passageway of the tubular string, leaving unblocked at least 4% of the nominal cross-sectional area of the treatment interval; and (E) pumping a fracturing fluid through the one or more tubular string openings at a rate and pressure sufficient to initiate at least one fracture in the subterranean formation surrounding the treatment interval.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/770,440 filed Apr. 29, 2010, U.S. Pat. No. 8,443,891, entitled“METHODS OF FRACTURING A WELL USING VENTURI SECTION,” which was anon-provisional of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/288,108 filedDec. 18, 2009 entitled “METHOD OF FRACTURING A WELL USING VENTURISECTION,” each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In general, the inventions are directed to methods of fracturing a well.The methods can include the steps of: (A) obtaining a fracturing jobdesign having at least one treatment interval; (B) running a tubularstring into the treatment interval; (C) before or after the step ofrunning, forming one or more tubular string openings in the tubularstring, wherein after the step of running, the one or more tubularstring openings are positioned in the treatment interval; (D) except forthe axial passageway of the tubular string, blocking at least 86% of thenominal cross-sectional area of the treatment interval that is betweenone of the ends of the treatment interval and the axially closest of theone or more tubular string openings, and, except for the axialpassageway of the tubular string, leaving unblocked at least 4% of thenominal cross-sectional area of the treatment interval; and (E) pumpinga fracturing fluid through the one or more tubular string openings at arate and pressure sufficient to initiate at least one fracture in thesubterranean formation surrounding the treatment interval.

According to a first invention, a method of fracturing an openholewellbore portion of a well is provided, the method comprising the stepsof:

-   -   (A) obtaining a fracturing job design having at least one        treatment interval for the openhole wellbore portion, wherein        the treatment interval:        -   (1) has a nominal cross-sectional area defined by the            nominal wellbore diameter of the openhole wellbore portion;            and        -   (2) has an uphole end and a downhole end;    -   (B) running a tubular string into the treatment interval,        wherein the tubular string has an axial passageway;    -   (C) before or after the step of running, forming one or more        tubular string openings in the tubular string, wherein after the        step of running, the one or more tubular string openings are        positioned in the treatment interval;    -   (D) except for the axial passageway of the tubular string,        blocking at least 86% of the nominal cross-sectional area of the        treatment interval that is between one of the ends of the        treatment interval and the axially closest of the one or more        tubular string openings, wherein the blocking is along a        summational axial length that is at least 7 times the nominal        wellbore diameter,    -   and, except for the axial passageway of the tubular string,        leaving unblocked at least 4% of the nominal cross-sectional        area of the treatment interval that is along an entire axial        length between the end of the treatment interval and the axially        closest of the one or more tubular string openings; and    -   (E) pumping a fracturing fluid through the tubular string and        through the one or more tubular string openings at a rate and        pressure sufficient to initiate at least one fracture in the        subterranean formation surrounding the treatment interval.

Preferably, prior to the step of pumping, no packing of the tubularstring is set uphole within 1,500 feet of the treatment interval.

Preferably, the step of blocking an openhole wellbore portion is with aVenturi section to create a Venturi effect.

According to a second invention, a method of fracturing an openholewellbore portion of a well is provided. The openhole wellbore portionhas a nominal wellbore diameter defining a nominal cross-sectional areaof the openhole wellbore portion. The method comprises the steps of:

-   -   (A) running a tubular string having a Venturi section into the        openhole wellbore portion of the well;    -   (B) before or after the step of running, forming one or more        tubular string openings in the tubular string to be located        downhole relative to the Venturi section of the tubular string,        wherein:        -   (1) the one or more tubular string openings allow fluid to            flow from the tubular string to outside the tubular string;        -   (2) the Venturi section has a generally tubular wall that            has a passageway extending axially therein, wherein the            passageway of the Venturi section is in fluid communication            with the one or more tubular string openings; and        -   (3) the one or more tubular string openings and the Venturi            section are not axially separated by a closed internal plug            within the tubular string; and    -   (C) pumping a fracturing fluid through the tubular string and        through the one or more tubular string openings at a rate and        pressure sufficient to initiate at least one fracture in the        subterranean formation surrounding the openhole wellbore        portion.

Preferably, prior to the step of pumping, no packing of the tubularstring is set uphole within 1,500 feet of the Venturi section.

According to an embodiment of the second invention, the generallytubular wall of the Venturi section:

-   -   (a) has a cross-sectional area including the cross-sectional        area of the passageway that:        -   (i) during the step of running, blocks an area equal to or            greater than 86% of the nominal cross-sectional area of the            openhole wellbore portion;        -   (ii) extends for a summational axial length that is at least            7 times the nominal wellbore diameter, wherein the            summational axial length is along an axial span of the            tubular string that is equal to or less than 30 times the            nominal wellbore diameter; and        -   (iii) before or during the step of pumping, is not increased            by greater than 1% from the cross-sectional area during the            step of running; and    -   (b) does not have any opening in the tubular wall along the        axial span of the summational axial length thereof that would        allow fluid to flow from the passageway to outside the tubular        string.

According to a third invention, a method of fracturing a cased wellboreportion of a well is provided, the method comprising the steps of:

-   -   (A) obtaining a fracturing job design having at least one        treatment interval for the cased wellbore portion, wherein the        treatment interval:        -   (1) has a nominal cross-sectional area defined by the            nominal casing inside diameter of the casing of the cased            wellbore portion; and        -   (2) has an uphole end and a downhole end;    -   (B) running a tubular string into the treatment interval,        wherein the tubular string has an axial passageway;    -   (C) before or after the step of running, forming one or more        tubular string openings in the tubular string, wherein after the        step of running, the one or more tubular string openings are        positioned in the treatment interval;    -   (D) before or after the step of running, forming one or more        casing openings in the casing of the treatment interval;    -   (E) except for the axial passageway of the tubular string,        blocking at least 86% of the nominal cross-sectional area of the        treatment interval that is between one of the ends of the        treatment interval and the axially closest of the one or more        tubular string openings, wherein the blocking is along a        summational axial length that is at least one inch,    -   and, except for the axial passageway of the tubular string,        leaving unblocked at least 4% of the nominal cross-sectional        area of the treatment interval that is along an entire axial        length between the end of the treatment interval and the axially        closest of the one or more tubular string openings; and    -   (F) pumping a fracturing fluid through the tubular string,        through the one or more tubular string openings, and through the        one or more casing openings at a rate and pressure sufficient to        initiate at least one fracture in the subterranean formation        surrounding the treatment interval, wherein prior to the step of        pumping, no packing of the tubular string is set uphole within        1,500 feet of the treatment interval.

Preferably, the step of blocking a cased wellbore portion:

-   -   extends for a summational axial length that is continuous for at        least 2 times the nominal casing inside diameter; and    -   does not have any opening in the tubular wall along the        summational axial length thereof that would allow fluid to flow        from the passageway to outside the tubular string.

Preferably, the step of blocking a cased wellbore portion is with aVenturi section to create a Venturi effect.

According to a fourth invention, a method of fracturing a cased wellboreportion of a well is provided. The cased wellbore portion has a nominalcasing inside diameter defining a nominal cross-sectional area of thecased wellbore portion. The method comprises the steps of:

-   -   (A) running a tubular string having a Venturi section into the        cased wellbore portion of the well;    -   (B) before or after the step of running, forming one or more        tubular string openings in the tubular string to be located        downhole relative to the upper end of the Venturi section of the        tubular string, wherein:        -   (1) the one or more tubular string openings allow fluid to            flow from the tubular string to outside the tubular string;        -   (2) the Venturi section has a generally tubular wall that            has a passageway extending axially therein, wherein the            passageway of the Venturi section is in fluid communication            with the one or more tubular string openings;        -   (3) the one or more tubular string openings and the Venturi            section are not axially separated by a closed internal plug            within the tubular string; and    -   (C) before or after the step of running, forming one or more        casing openings in the casing to be located downhole relative to        the upper end of the Venturi section of the tubular string; and    -   (D) pumping a fracturing fluid through the tubular string,        through the one or more tubular string openings, and through the        one or more casing openings at a rate and pressure sufficient to        initiate at least one fracture in the subterranean formation        surrounding the cased wellbore portion, wherein prior to the        step of pumping, no packing of the tubular string is set uphole        within 1,500 feet of the Venturi section.

Preferably, the generally tubular wall of the Venturi section:

-   -   extends for a summational axial length that is continuous for at        least 2 times the nominal casing inside diameter; and    -   does not have any opening in the tubular wall along the        summational axial length thereof that would allow fluid to flow        from the passageway to outside the tubular string.

According to an embodiment of the fourth invention, the generallytubular wall of the Venturi section:

-   -   (a) has a cross-sectional area including the cross-sectional        area of the passageway that:        -   (i) during the step of running, blocks an area equal to or            greater than 86% of the nominal cross-sectional area of the            inside of the casing of the cased wellbore portion; and        -   (ii) before or during the step of pumping, is not increased            by greater than 1% from the cross-sectional area during the            step of running.

As used herein, the words “comprise,” “have,” “include,” and allgrammatical variations thereof are each intended to have an open,non-limiting meaning that does not exclude additional elements or steps.

It is also to be understood that, as used herein, “first,” “second,”“third,” etc., are assigned arbitrarily and are merely intended todifferentiate between two or more steps, elements, portions, etc., asthe case may be, and do not necessarily indicate any sequence.Furthermore, the mere use of the term “first” does not require thatthere be any “second,” and the mere use of the word “second” does notrequire that there be any “third,” etc.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The drawing is incorporated into and forms a part of the specificationto illustrate at least one embodiment and example of the presentinvention. Together with the written description, the drawing serves toexplain the principals of the invention. The drawing is only for thepurpose of illustrating at least one preferred example of at least oneembodiment of the invention and is not to be construed as limiting theinvention to only the illustrated and described example or examples. Inthe drawing, like references are used to indicate like or similarelements or steps. The various advantages and features of the variousembodiments of the present invention will be apparent from aconsideration of the drawing in which:

FIGS. 1A-1E are side views (in a vertical plane parallel to the axis)(not to scale) illustrating a method of fracturing an openhole wellboreportion 10 that is substantially horizontal. In this embodimentillustrated in FIG. 1A-1E, the openhole wellbore portion 10 includes atoe portion 11 extending into a subterranean formation 12.

FIG. 2 is side view (not to scale) similar to FIG. 1A, but illustratingthat a openhole wellbore portion 10 (for example, as a toe portion 11 ofa openhole wellbore portion 10 that is horizontal) can have portionswith different wellbore diameters, for example, for a first wellboreportion 22 a and a second wellbore portion 22 b.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view (in a plane perpendicular to the axis)(approximately to scale) taken along lines 3-3 of FIG. 1A. FIG. 3illustrates the nominal wellbore diameter A (of a portion of theopenhole wellbore portion 10 illustrated in FIG. 1A) having a tubularstring 26 run in, the tubular string 26 including a joint 30, a collar52, and a Venturi section 40.

FIG. 4 is a side view (in a vertical plane parallel to the axis)(approximately to scale) of a wellbore portion 10 having a nominalwellbore diameter A of 6 inches (6″), a nominal bottom wall 18, and anominal top wall 20, but illustrating that the wellbore wall 12 a(sometimes referred to as the borehole) is actually irregular. A tubularstring 26 is illustrated run into the openhole wellbore portion 10. Thetubular string 26 includes a joint 30 having a nominal outside diameterD of 4.5 inches (4.5″), and a Venturi section 40 having a nominaloutside diameter B of 5.75 inches (5.75″).

FIG. 5 is a side view (in a vertical plane parallel to the axis)(approximately to scale) of an openhole wellbore portion 10 formed in asubterranean formation 12. The wellbore portion 10 has a nominalwellbore diameter A of 6 inches (6″). FIG. 5 illustrates the ends of twotubular members, such as joints 30 having a nominal outside diameter Dof about 4.5 inches (4.5″). The ends of the joints 30 are illustratedconnected by a tubular collar 52 having a nominal outside diameter D′ of5.0 inches.

FIGS. 6A-6C are side views (in a plane parallel to the axis) of atubular member, which together illustrate an example of a processes formaking a tubular member 38 to include a Venturi section 40. Inparticular, FIG. 6A is a side view (in a plane parallel to the axis)(not to scale) of an example of a tubular member, in this case a ±40foot (40′) non-perforated joint 30 having a nominal outside diameter Dof about 4.5 inches. FIG. 6B is a side view (in a plane parallel to theaxis) (not to scale) of a tubular member having a Venturi section 40inserted into the cut joint 30 of FIG. 6A. The Venturi section 40 has anominal outside diameter B of about 5.75 inches and has a summationalaxial length of about 4 feet long (excluding the 6 inch long taperedconnector portions 64 and 66 at the downhole end 42 and uphole end 44,respectively, of the Venturi section 40). FIG. 6C is a side view (in aplane parallel to the axis) (not to scale) of a Venturi section 40having box connectors 82 at each end. Each of the connectors can be ofany suitable type and the type or types of connectors are not critical.

FIG. 7 is a side view (in a plan parallel to the axis) (not to scale) ofa tubular member 38 including a Venturi section 40 for use according toan embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the nominal outsidediameter B of the Venturi section 40 is axially discontinuous along thelength thereof, which axial portions 50 x and 50 y are summed to providea summational axial length.

FIG. 8A is a side view (in a plane parallel to the axis) (not to scale)of a tubular member 38 including a Venturi section 40 for use accordingto an embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the outsidesurface of the Venturi section 40 of the tubular member 38 has aplurality of lengthwise grooves 70 a.

FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view (in a plane perpendicular to the axis)(approximately to scale) taken along lines 8B-8B through the embodimentof the tubular member 38 shown in FIG. 8A.

FIG. 9A is a side view (in a plane parallel to the axis) (not to scale)of another variation of a tubular member 38 including a Venturi section40 for use according to an embodiment of the invention (similar to theembodiment of a tubular member 38 illustrated in FIG. 8A, but having adifferent design for the Venturi section). The grooves 70 b illustratedfor the embodiment of FIG. 9A are longer and fewer than the grooves 70 aillustrated for the embodiment of FIG. 8A.

FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional view (in a plane perpendicular to the axis)(approximately to scale) taken along lines 9B-9B through the embodimentof the tubular member 38 shown in FIG. 9A.

FIG. 10 is side view (in a vertical plane parallel to the axis) (roughlyto scale) of a portion of a openhole wellbore portion 10 that ishorizontally formed in a subterranean formation 12. Positioned in theopenhole wellbore portion is a tubular string 26 that includes adownhole first Venturi section 40 a, a fracturing sleeve type oftreatment section 32, and an uphole second Venturi section 40 b. TheVenturi member 38 of the portion of the tubular string 26 illustrated inFIG. 10 have a common nominal outside diameter B of 5.75 inches.

FIGS. 11A-C illustrate another embodiment of a Venturi section accordingto the invention, wherein an axially-elongated Venturi member 38, in theform of a slip-on Venturi member, is illustrated as being slipped overthe outside tubular wall a typical tubular string portion, such as alength of a joint 30. The Venturi member 38 providing a Venturi section40 can slide along the length of the tubular joint 30. In particular,FIG. 11A is a cross-sectional view (in a plane including the axis axis)(not to scale) of a Venturi section 40, as a “Venturi member, slippedover a tubular member 30. FIG. 11B is a cross-sectional view (in a planeperpendicular to the axis) (not to scale) taken along lines 11B-11B ofFIG. 11A. FIG. 11C is a cross-sectional view (in a plane including theaxis axis) (not to scale) of a Venturi section 40, as a Venturi member38, slipped over a tubular string joint 30. FIG. 11C illustrates theVenturi member 38 of FIGS. 11A and 11B in a slidable position on atubular string, such as a 40-foot long joint 30.

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view (in a plane perpendicular to the axis)(approximately to scale) of a profile of a Venturi member 38 having aVenturi section 40 positioned over a tubular joint 30 according to theembodiment illustrated in FIG. 11A. FIG. 12 additionally illustrates theassembly concentrically positioned in an openhole wellbore portion 10having a nominal wellbore diameter A.

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view (in a plane perpendicular to the axis)(approximately to scale) of a profile of the Venturi section 40 of aVenturi member 38 according to the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 11A-Cpositioned in a cased wellbore portion 88. The casing may or may not becemented in position in the cased wellbore portion 88. The casing 86provides a cased wellbore portion 88. The casing 86 has a nominal casinginside diameter H.

FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view (in a plane including the axis) (notto scale) illustrating an example of a Venturi section 40 positioned inthe casing 86 of a cased wellbore (the wellbore is not shown).

FIG. 15A is a side view (in a plane parallel to the axis) (not to scale)of a tubular string 26 with a plurality of Venturi members shown run inand positioned in a casing 86 of a cased wellbore portion. According tothis embodiment, the casing 86 is not pre-perforated before running inthe tubular string 26. The Venturi members illustrated in FIG. 15A aresimilar to the Venturi member 38 illustrated in FIG. 14. The tubularstring 26 has an axial passageway (not shown in FIG. 15A).

FIG. 15B is a cross-sectional view (in a plane perpendicular to theaxis) (not to scale) taken along lines 15B-15B through the Venturimember 38 b of the tubular string 26 shown in FIG. 15A. Thecross-sectional view in FIG. 15B is enlarged relative to the lengthwiseview shown in FIG. 15A. FIG. 15B illustrates an axial passageway 62through a Venturi section 40 of the Venturi member 38 b, a Venturiannulus or area 92, and the casing 86.

FIG. 16A is a side view (in a plane parallel to the axis) (not to scale)of a tubular string 26 with a plurality of Venturi members shown run inand positioned in a casing 86 of a cased wellbore portion. According tothis embodiment, the casing 86 has pre-existing casing perforations 94before running in the tubular string 26. In this case, the Venturimembers 38 b and 38 c are illustrated as axially bracketing thepre-existing casing perforations 94. This embodiment is otherwisesimilar to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 15A.

FIG. 16B is a cross-sectional view (in a plane perpendicular to theaxis) (not to scale) taken along lines 16B-16B through a joint 30 of thetubular string 26 shown in FIG. 16A. The cross-sectional view in FIG.16B is enlarged relative to the lengthwise view shown in FIG. 16A. FIG.16B illustrates an axial passageway 62 through the joint 30, the endview of a collar 52, an end view a Venturi section 40 of the Venturimember 38 c, an end view of a Venturi annulus or area 92, and thecross-section of the casing 86 with casing perforations 94.

FIG. 17A is a side view (in a plane parallel to the axis) (not to scale)of a tubular string 26 with a plurality of Venturi members shown run inand positioned in a casing 86 of a wellbore. According to thisembodiment, the casing 86 has pre-existing casing perforations 94 beforerunning in the tubular string 26. In this case, however, the axiallength of a Venturi section, such as the Venturi section of Venturimember 38 b, may axially overlap with the axial location of a pluralityof pre-existing casing perforations 94. This embodiment is otherwisesimilar to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 15A.

FIG. 17B is a cross-sectional view (in a plane perpendicular to theaxis) (not to scale) taken along lines 17B-17B through the Venturimember 38 b of the tubular string 26 shown in FIG. 17A. Thecross-sectional view in FIG. 17B is enlarged relative to the lengthwiseview shown in FIG. 17A. FIG. 17B illustrates an axial passageway 62through a Venturi section 40 of the Venturi member 38 b, a Venturiannulus or area 92, and the casing 86 with casing perforations 94.

FIG. 18A is a side view (in a plane parallel to the axis) (not to scale)of a tubular string 26 with a plurality of Venturi members shown run inand positioned in a casing 86 of a cased wellbore portion. According tothis embodiment, the casing 86 has pre-existing casing perforations 94,similar to the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 17A-B. In this embodimentof FIG. 18A, however, the pre-existing casing perforations 94 are closedwith an external sliding sleeve 96.

FIG. 18B is a cross-sectional view (in a plane perpendicular to theaxis) (not to scale) taken along lines 18B-18B through the Venturimember 38 a of the tubular string 26 shown in FIG. 18A. Thecross-sectional view in FIG. 18B is enlarged relative to the lengthwiseview shown in FIG. 18A. FIG. 18B is similar to FIG. 17B, exceptadditionally illustrating an external sliding sleeve 96 over the casingperforations 94. As illustrated in FIG. 18B and will be appreciated by aperson of skill in the art, the sliding sleeve has previously been movedto uncover and open the casing perforations 94 so that fluid can flowfrom inside the casing 86 through the casing perforations 94 to outsidethe casing.

FIGS. 19A-18G are cross-sectional views (in a plane including the axis)(not to scale) illustrating steps according to an embodiment of themethod of fracturing a cased wellbore portion 88.

FIGS. 12 through 18G illustrate a tubular string or tubular members asbeing centered in a wellbore; however, it is to be understood that thetubular string or any of the tubular members may be off-center of thewellbore, as illustrated, as other examples, in FIGS. 1A-E, 2-4, and 10.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIONS General Context

Wells to Produce Oil, Gas, and Other Valuable Fluids from a SubterraneanFormation

Oil, gas, and other fluid substances are naturally occurring in certainsubterranean formations. Examples of other valuable fluid substancesinclude water, carbon dioxide gas, helium gas, and nitrogen gas.

A subterranean formation having sufficient porosity and permeability tostore and transmit fluids is referred to as a reservoir. A subterraneanformation that is a reservoir may be located under land or under aseabed offshore. A reservoir can be characterized by, among othercharacteristics, the fluid contained in the reservoir.

Oil or gas reservoirs are typically located in the range of a fewhundred feet (shallow reservoirs) to a few tens of thousands of feet(ultra-deep reservoirs) below the ground or seabed. Although the presentinventions can be used to stimulate production of any fluid from asubterranean formation, it has particular advantage for reducing thehigh costs of oil or gas production.

In order to produce a fluid from a reservoir, a wellbore is drilled intoa subterranean formation that is a reservoir. A wellbore can bestraight, curved, or branched.

A wellbore can have various wellbore portions. A wellbore portion is anaxial length of a wellbore that can be identified by one or morecharacteristics or purposes. For example, a wellbore portion can becharacterized as “vertical” or “horizontal,” although the actual axialorientation can vary substantially from a true vertical or horizontaland the axial path of the wellbore may tend to “corkscrew” or otherwisevary.

After drilling a wellbore portion, a casing or liner can be positionedin the wellbore portion. A wellbore portion having a pre-existing casingor liner positioned therein is referred to herein as a “cased wellboreportion.” The casing or liner can optionally be cemented into positionin the wellbore portion. A wellbore portion without a pre-existingcasing or liner positioned therein is referred to herein as an “openholewellbore portion.”

As used herein, the “wellbore” or “wellbore portion” refers to thewellbore itself (sometimes referred to as the borehole), regardless ofwhether the wellbore portion is openhole or cased.

As used herein, the words “uphole” and “downhole” are with reference tothe direction of the flow of fluid through the wellbore toward thesurface, regardless of the vertical, horizontal, or curved orientationof the particular section of the wellbore. For example, a fluid flowingthrough the wellbore toward the surface is moving “uphole,” whereasrunning in a tubular string is moving the tubular string “downhole.”

As used herein, “subterranean formation” refers to the fundamental unitof lithostratigraphy. A subterranean formation is a body of rock that issufficiently distinctive and continuous that it can be mapped. In thecontext of formation evaluation, the term refers to the volume of rockseen by a measurement made through the wellbore, as in a log or a welltest. These measurements indicate the physical properties of thisvolume, such as the property of porosity and permeability. As usedherein, a “zone” refers to an interval of rock along a wellbore that isdifferentiated from surrounding rocks based on hydrocarbon content orother features, such as faults or fractures.

As used herein, a “well” includes a wellbore and the near-wellboreregion of subterranean formation surrounding the wellbore. As usedherein, “into a well” means and includes into any portion of the well,including into the wellbore of the well or into a near-wellbore regionof a subterranean formation along a wellbore.

Tubular Members of a Tubular String

A tubular string is used to drill or access a wellbore. A tubular stringprovides mechanical access to the wellbore and a passageway extendingaxially through which fluid can pass, for example, through which a fluidcan be injected into the wellbore or through which oil, gas, or otherfluid can be produced from the subterranean formation surrounding awellbore portion. A tubular string can be used, for example, as adrillpipe or as a casing, completion, treatment, production, or otherwellbore tubing. It is to be understood that the passageway may beselectively or permanently closed, for example, by positioning a plug orclosing a valve inside the passageway.

Joints and other tubular members are assembled to make up a “tubularstring” for use in a wellbore. As used herein, a “joint” is a length ofpipe, usually referring to drillpipe, casing, or tubing. A joint can beused to make up, for example, a drill string, casing, completion tubing,or production tubing. The most common drillpipe length is about 30 feet(9 meters). For casing, completion, or production tubing, the mostcommon lengths of a joint are about 30 feet (9 meters) or about 40 feet(12 meters).

A joint or other tubular member that is used to make up a tubular stringnormally has a connection on each end. Commonly, the connection is athreaded connection. The threaded connection is used to connect orseparate two tubular members to make up a tubular string.

There are several kinds of threaded connections. A tool joint is anexample of a type of threaded connection for a tubing joint. Anenlargement, known as an upset, is a part at the end of tubular members,such as drillpipe, casing, or other tubing joints, which has extrathickness and strength to compensate for the loss of metal in thethreaded ends. The enlarged, threaded ends are adapted to providemechanically strong connections and that withstand high pressuredifferentials between the inside and outside of the tubular string oracross axial portions of a tubular string.

Another type of threaded connection is a collar, which is a femalethreaded coupling used to join two lengths of pipe such as casing ortubing. A collar has a short axial length compared to a tubular joint.Usually, the axial length of a collar is less than about 1.6 times thenominal outside diameter of the joints it is adapted to connect. Thetype of thread and style of collar varies with the specifications andmanufacturer of the tubing.

Preferably, the tubular members consist essentially of metal. Morepreferably, the metal of the tubular members is steel or aluminum. Thesemetals have the desired structural strength characteristics, which isespecially important for the Venturi section of a tubular string. Insome applications, however, other kinds of tubing or tubing of othermaterial may be employed, such as coil tubing.

For a tubular member, the specifications of the tubing material,geometry of the tubular member, and design of the threaded connection oneach end are selected based on many engineering factors depending on theapplication. For use in an openhole wellbore portion, the factorsinclude, the nominal diameter of the wellbore at depth and the nature ofthe subterranean formations penetrated by the wellbore at depth. For usein a cased wellbore portion, the factors include, for example, the depthof the wellbore and the nominal inside diameter of the casing at depth.For use in either an openhole or cased wellbore portion, otherengineering factors include the nature of the reservoir fluid, thebottom-hole temperature, and other wellbore conditions.

A blast joint is a section of heavy walled tubing that is designed to beplaced across a perforated interval through which the production tubingmust pass, such as may be required in multiple zone completions. A blastjoint is heavier than normal completion components.

Downhole Tools

Downhole tools can be included in a tubular string or run into a tubularstring. Examples of downhole tools include packers, plugs, valves, andsliding sleeves. In addition, a tubular member can include, for example,a slip-on tool on another tubular member.

Dimensions

As used herein, the word “axial” or “axially” is with reference to thegeometric axis of a generally cylindrical or tubular shape, such as awellbore or a casing or other tubular string. For example, an “axiallength” is a length along the axis of a cylindrical or tubular shape.Accordingly, as used herein, “axially separated” means that two elements(which can be the same or different) are separated by an interveningaxial length or have a third element (which can be the same or differentfrom either of the two elements) located or positioned axially betweenthe two elements.

As used herein, the adjective “nominal” or “nominally” mean of, being,or relating to a designated or theoretical size that may vary from theactual. The nominal size, however, is nevertheless used as the basis forcalculations regarding a wellbore environment, a structure for use in awellbore, or a well treatment.

For example, as used herein, the “nominal wellbore diameter” is thediameter of the largest drill bit or hole opener that made the openholewellbore portion, although the actual diameter of a wellbore can varydepending on lithography and other factors. The shape a wellbore may notbe perfectly circular, but rather the shape tends to deviate fromcircular and often may be slightly oval. In addition, for the purposesof this invention, it is important to recognize that the actual diameteror shape of an openhole wellbore portion tends to be irregular along theaxis of the wellbore portion. In particular, there can be substantialportions of the wellbore that are substantially larger than the nominaldiameter of the wellbore.

In addition, the adjective “nominal” or “nominally” regarding an outsidediameter of a tubular member means of, being, or relating to the largestoutside diameter across a generally circular cross-section of thetubular member. This is regardless of any minor radial variations insidea circle defined by the largest diameter, such as variations withinmanufacturing tolerance or such as small indentations, grooves, slots,or ports in a tubular wall.

Similarly, the adjective “nominal” or “nominally” regarding the insidediameter of a tubular wall relates to the means of, being, or relatingto the largest inside diameter across a generally circular cross-sectionof the tubular member. This is regardless of any radial variationsoutside the largest diameter circle, such as variations withinmanufacturing tolerance or such as indentations, grooves, slots, orports in a tubular wall.

Similarly, the adjective “nominal” or “nominally” regarding a thicknessof a tubular wall relates to the thickness between the largest outsidediameter and the smallest inside diameter across a generally circularcross-section of the tubular member. This is regardless of any minorradial variations inside the largest diameter circle, such as variationswithin manufacturing tolerance or such as inward indentations, grooves,slots, or ports in a tubular wall.

Furthermore, the adjective “nominal” or “nominally” regarding anydiameter or tubular wall thickness along an axial length means of,being, or relating to the length-weighted average nominal diameter alongthe specified axial length. The axial length may be specified inabsolute or in functional terms.

For example, the nominal outside or inside diameter of each axial lengthof a tubing string or a tubular member is weighted for its length todetermine the length-weighted average nominal diameter or tubular wallthickness along the total specified axial length. Each axial length of atubular member, which length may be defined or specified in functionalterms or other terms, can have a nominal outside and inside diameterthat may be the same or different from another axial length of the sametubular member or another tubular member of a tubular string. For thenominal outside diameter of a long tubular member, such as a casingjoint or a tubing joint that is about 30 feet or 40 feet long, it iscommon to exclude from the determination of the nominal outside diameterof the tubular member the diameter along the length of any shortthreaded connector portion. The threaded connector portion is consideredto be for a particular function that is different from the body of thelong tubular member. Each of the connector portions of a tubular membermay have a different nominal outside and inside diameter.

Regarding a nominal wellbore diameter of an openhole wellbore, thespecified axial length may be defined in functional or other terms. Forexample, the relevant axial length can be specified to be between twoother elements or structures in the wellbore portion

Wellbore Portion

A wellbore portion to be treated is preferably at a depth in the rangeof 1,000 feet to 30,000 feet below the wellhead. The wellbore portion tobe treated can be vertical or horizontal, or anything in between, and awellbore portion can be identified by other characteristics as discussedherein and known to those of skill in the art. It is to be understoodthat treating a wellbore portion can refer to treating the subterraneanformation surrounding the wellbore portion. For example, fracturing awellbore portion refers to fracturing the subterranean formationsurrounding the wellbore portion.

As used herein, the bottomhole temperature (“BHT”) is the downholetemperature measured or calculated at a point of interest, such as awellbore portion or a portion of a subterranean formation to be treated.The BHT, without reference to circulating or static conditions, istypically associated with producing conditions.

Openhole Wellbore Portion

An openhole wellbore portion is a wellbore portion that does not haveany pre-existing casing or liner. According to a preferred embodiment ofthe invention, the openhole wellbore portion has a nominal wellborediameter in the range of 2.5 inches to 18 inches.

The openhole wellbore portion can be vertical, but need not be vertical.It is believed that the present invention will have particularlyadvantageous application in an openhole wellbore portion that is of asubstantially horizontal wellbore, which often involves multiplesequential fracturing treatments.

Cased Wellbore Portion

A cased wellbore portion is a wellbore portion that has a pre-existingcasing or liner. The casing or liner can optionally be cemented inposition in the wellbore portion. An important difference between acased wellbore portion and an openhole wellbore portion is that theinside wall of the casing of a cased wellbore portion is relativelysmooth and uniform, whereas the inside wall of the wellbore of anopenhole portion may be quite irregular and non-uniform.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the cased wellboreportion has a nominal wellbore diameter in the range of 2.5 inches to 18inches. A casing of an appropriate size is positioned in the wellbore. Acasing can have a casing outside diameter in the range of about 2.5inches to about 18 inches and a nominal inside diameter in the range ofabout 2 inches to about 17.5 inches.

The cased wellbore portion can be vertical, but need not be vertical. Itis believed that the present invention will have particularlyadvantageous application in a cased wellbore portion that is of asubstantially horizontal wellbore portion, which often involves multiplesequential fracturing treatments.

The cased wellbore portion can be a previously fractured wellboreportion that has a pre-existing tubular string positioned therein, whichcan be considered to be the pre-existing “casing” of the wellboreportion for a subsequent fracturing treatment of the cased wellboreportion. This pre-existing casing can be cemented or uncemented,previously perforated or not, and have set packing on the outsidethereof or not.

Outer Diameter of Tubular String

According to the method of fracturing an openhole wellbore portion, theportion of the tubular string that is run in to the openhole wellboreportion preferably has a greatest nominal outside diameter that is lessthan the nominal wellbore diameter. This is to facilitate run in of thetubular string. Preferably, the portion of the tubular string that isrun in to the openhole wellbore portion has a greatest nominal outsidediameter that is equal to or less than 98% of the nominal wellborediameter.

According to the method of fracturing a cased wellbore portion, theportion of the tubular string that is run in to the cased wellboreportion preferably has a greatest nominal outside diameter that is lessthan the nominal casing inside diameter of the pre-existing casing. Thisis to facilitate run in of the tubular string. Preferably, the portionof the tubular string that is run in to the cased wellbore portion has agreatest nominal outside diameter that is equal to or less than 98% ofthe nominal casing inside diameter.

Well Treatments and Treatment Fluids

Various types of treatments are commonly performed on wells orsubterranean formations penetrated by wells. As used herein, the word“treatment” refers to a treatment of a well or subterranean formationthat is adapted to achieve a specific purpose, such as stimulation,isolation, or conformance control, however, the word “treatment” doesnot necessarily imply any particular purpose. A treatment of a well orsubterranean formation typically involves introducing a treatment fluidinto a well.

As used herein, a “treatment fluid” refers to a fluid used in atreatment of a well or subterranean formation. A treatment fluid istypically adapted to be used to achieve a specific treatment purpose,such as stimulation, isolation, or conformance control, however, theword “treatment” in the term “treatment fluid” does not necessarilyimply any particular action by the fluid. As used herein, a “treatmentfluid” means the specific composition of a fluid at or before the timethe fluid is introduced into a wellbore.

As used herein, a “fluid” refers to an amorphous substance having acontinuous phase that tends to flow and to conform to the outline of itscontainer when tested at a temperature of 25° C. (77° F.) and a pressureof 1 atmosphere. A fluid can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Ahomogeneous fluid consists of a single fluid phase with uniformproperties throughout. A heterogeneous fluid consists of at least onefluid phase and at least one other phase, which can be another fluid ora different phase, wherein the other phase has different properties.Examples of a homogeneous fluid include water, oil, or a solution of oneor more dissolved chemicals. An example of a heterogeneous fluid is adispersion. A dispersion is system in which one phase is dispersed inanother phase. An example of a dispersion is a suspension of solidparticles in a liquid phase. Another example of a dispersion is anemulsion. Further, a fluid can include an undissolved gas, whichundissolved gas can be used, for example, for foaming the fluid. Anaqueous fluid is a fluid that is either a homogeneous aqueous solutionor a heterogeneous fluid wherein the continuous phase is an aqueoussolution. An aqueous solution is a solution in which water is thesolvent.

Hydraulic Fracturing and Proppant

In general, stimulation is a type of treatment performed on asubterranean formation penetrated by a wellbore portion to restore orenhance the productivity of oil or gas or other fluid from thesubterranean formation. Stimulation treatments fall into two maingroups: hydraulic fracturing and matrix treatments. “Hydraulicfracturing,” sometimes simply referred to as “fracturing,” is performedabove the fracture pressure of a subterranean formation to create orextend a fracture in the subterranean formation. The fracture can bepropped open with sand or other proppant to provide a highly permeableflow path between the formation and the wellbore. In an acid fracturingtreatment, an acid can also create acid channels to provide a highlypermeable flow path between the formation and the wellbore. In contrast,matrix treatments are performed below the fracture pressure of asubterranean formation.

A treatment fluid used in hydraulic fracturing is sometimes referred toas a “fracturing fluid” (or sometimes referred to as a “frac fluid). Thefracturing fluid is pumped at a high flow rate and high pressure downinto the wellbore and out into the subterranean formation. The pumpingof the fracturing fluid is at a high flow rate and pressure that is muchfaster and higher than the fluid can escape through the permeability ofthe formation. Thus, the high flow rate and pressure creates or enhancesa fracture in the subterranean formation. Creating a fracture meansmaking a new fracture in the formation. Enhancing a fracture meansenlarging a pre-existing fracture in the formation.

For pumping in hydraulic fracturing, a “frac pump” is used, which is ahigh-pressure, high-volume pump. Typically, a frac pump is apositive-displacement reciprocating pump. These pumps generally arecapable of pumping a wide range of fluid types, including corrosivefluids, abrasive fluids and slurries containing relatively largeparticulates, such as sand. Using one or more frac pumps, the fracturingfluid may be pumped down into the wellbore at high rates and pressures,for example, at a flow rate in excess of 50 barrels per minute at apressure in excess of 5,000 pounds per square inch (“psi”). The pumprate and pressure of the fracturing fluid may be even higher, forexample, pressures in excess of 10,000 psi are not uncommon.

When the formation fractures or an existing fracture is enhanced, thefracturing fluid suddenly has a fluid flow path through the crack toflow more rapidly away from the wellbore. As soon as the fracture iscreated or enhanced, the sudden increase in flow of fluid away from thewell reduces the pressure in the well. Thus, the creation or enhancementof a fracture in the formation is indicated by a sudden drop in fluidpressure, which can be observed at the well head.

After it is created, the newly-created fracture will tend to close afterthe pumping of the fracturing fluid is stopped. To prevent the fracturefrom closing, a material must be placed in the fracture to keep thefracture propped open. This material is usually in the form of aninsoluble particulate, which can be suspended in the fracturing fluid,carried downhole, and deposited in the fracture. The particulatematerial holds the fracture open while still allowing fluid flow throughthe permeability of the particulate. A particulate material used forthis purpose is often referred to as a “proppant.” When deposited in thefracture, the proppant forms a “proppant pack,” and, while holding thefracture apart, provides conductive channels through which fluids canflow to the wellbore. For this purpose, the particulate is typicallyselected based on two characteristics: size range and strength.

When used as a proppant, the particulate must have an appropriate sizeto prop open the fracture and allow fluid to flow through theparticulate pack, i.e., in between and around the particles making upthe pack. Appropriate sizes of particulate for use as a proppant aretypically in the range from about 8 to about 100 U.S. Standard Mesh.

The particulate material of a proppant must be sufficiently strong, thatis, have a sufficient compressive strength or crush resistance, to propthe fracture open without being deformed or crushed by the closurestress of the fracture in the subterranean formation,

Suitable proppant materials include, but are not limited to, sand(silica), walnut shells, sintered bauxite, glass beads, plastics,nylons, resins, other synthetic materials, and ceramic materials.Mixtures of proppants can be used as well. If sand is used, it typicallywill be from about 20 to about 100 U.S. Standard Mesh in size. Withsynthetic proppants, mesh sizes about 8 to about 100 are typically used.Also, any of the proppant particles can be coated with a resin orflow-back aid to potentially improve the strength, clustering ability,and flow-back properties of the proppant.

The concentration of proppant in the fluid can be any concentrationknown in the art, and preferably will be in the range of from about 0.01to about 3 kilograms of proppant added per liter of liquid phase (about0.1-25 lb/gal).

Accordingly, a fracturing fluid can optionally include a proppant, suchas sand. In addition, a fracturing fluid can optionally include polymerfor increasing the viscosity of the fluid, a polymer and crosslinker forforming a gelled fluid (which helps suspend and carry a proppant), a gas(for foaming the fluid), an acid, a surfactant, a corrosion inhibitor, abactericide, or other chemical additives known in the art.

Hydraulic Isolation and Conventional Packing and Packing Methods

It has previously been believed necessary to hydraulically isolate atreatment interval of a wellbore portion for fracturing of thesubterranean formation surrounding the treatment interval of thewellbore portion. This is to contain the pumped fracturing fluid withinthe axial length of the treatment interval so that the pressure withinthe treatment interval exceeds the fracturing pressure of thesurrounding subterranean formation. This is sometimes referred to as“hydraulic isolation.” Previously, a great deal of effort and money hasbeen spent on achieving hydraulic isolation for fracturing.

To effect hydraulic isolation for fracturing, it has heretofore beenbelieved to be necessary to design for “packing off” at least one end ofa treatment interval of a wellbore portion. Typically, both the upholeand the downhole end of a treatment interval are packed off. Exceptionsto packing both the uphole and downhole ends of a treatment intervalinclude, for example: (a) if the downhole end is established by theterminal end of a wellbore portion, such as the toe end of a horizontalwellbore portion or the plugging of the downhole end of the wellborewithout any portion of the tubular string extending below the plugging;(b) if the downhole end is established by a previously set packing andplugging of the tubular string in the downhole end of the wellbore; or(c) if the uphole end is established by a hanger packing for the tubularstring. In a fracturing job design having more than one treatmentinterval for “staged fracturing,” it has normally been thought necessaryto create the sequence of hydraulically isolated treatment intervals bysequentially packing both the uphole and the downhole ends of eachtreatment interval.

Conventionally, an end of a treatment interval (uphole or downhole) hasbeen defined by use of a packing. Conventionally, packing to effecthydraulic isolation of a treatment interval has been achieved eitherwith a sealing device, such as a packer, or with a specialized plasticor fluid, such as a cement or other sealing compound.

In general, a packer is a type of downhole tool that can be run into awellbore with a smaller initial outside that then expands externally toseal the wellbore or to seal an annulus from the production conduit,enabling controlled production, injection, or treatment. The commoncharacteristic is that the outside of a packer is adapted to expandsubstantially. A wide variety of technologies are employed to expand theoutside of a packer. Typically, a packer has one or more expandablepacking elements.

The purpose of expanding the outside of packer is to create afluid-tight seal. The ability of a packer to seal is typically rated bythe fluid differential pressure that the packer can achieve. A packer istypically adapted to achieve a differential pressure of thousands ofpounds per square inch, and often a packer is adapted to achieve adifferential pressure of more than ten thousand pounds per square inch.

In drilling, a packer is a type of downhole tool that can be run into awellbore with a smaller initial outside diameter that then expandsexternally to seal the wellbore. For example, some packers employflexible, elastomeric elements that expand. One common type of packer isthe production or test packer, which is expanded by squeezing theelastomeric elements (doughnut shaped) between two plates, forcing thesides to bulge outward. Another common type of packer is the inflatablepacker, which is expanded by pumping a fluid into an elastomericbladder. Yet another common type of packer is a swellable packer, whichhas elastomeric material that expands and forms an annular seal whenimmersed in certain wellbore fluids. The elastomers used in thesepackers are either oil-swellable or water-swellable. Their expansionrates and pressure ratings are affected by a variety of factors.Oil-activated elastomers, which work on the principle of absorption anddissolution, are affected by fluid temperature as well as theconcentration and specific gravity of hydrocarbons in a fluid.Water-activated elastomers are typically affected by water temperatureand salinity. This type of elastomer works on the principle of osmosis,which allows movement of water particles across a semi-permeablemembrane based on salinity differences in the water on either side ofthe membrane. Production or test packers are normally used in casedholes. Inflatable or swellable packers are normally used in open orcased holes.

In well completion, a packer is a downhole tool used to isolate theannulus from the production conduit, enabling controlled production,injection, or treatment. A conventional packer assembly incorporates ameans of securing the packer against the casing or liner wall, such as aslip arrangement, and a means of creating a reliable hydraulic seal toisolate the annulus, typically by means of an expandable elastomericelement. Packers are classified by application, setting method, andpossible retrievability.

Drilling or completion packers can be run on wireline, pipe, or coiledtubing. Some packers are designed to be removable, while others arepermanent. Permanent packers are usually constructed of materials thatare easy to drill or mill out.

As used herein, a packer is considered to be at least beginning to “set”if it has been actuated or allowed to expand downhole by more than 2%from the nominal outside diameter at the time of running in.

Packing can be or include the use a cement or other sealing compound toeffect hydraulic isolation of a treatment interval. The cement or othersealing compound is pumped to the location to be sealed and allowed toset. In this case, setting is the process of becoming solid by curing.As used herein, a cement or other sealing compound is considered to beat least beginning to “set” when it can no longer be characterized as afluid.

Conventionally, a packing for the tubular string or a step of packing ofthe tubular string is almost invariably used as part of a fracturingtreatment to help contain fracturing pressure within a desired treatmentinterval, as is known to those of skill in the art.

Creating a Venturi Effect Instead of Packing

The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that results whena fluid flows from a relatively high-pressure side through a constrictedcross-sectional area to a relatively low-pressure side.

According to the present inventions, instead of packing an end of atreatment interval for fracturing a subterranean formation surrounding awellbore portion, it is believed that creating a Venturi effect issufficient for defining a treatment interval. This allows for muchsimpler fracturing job designs and simpler methods of fracturing. (Itshould be understood that fracturing a wellbore portion refers tofracturing the subterranean formation of the wellbore portion.)

According to the present inventions, no packing for the tubular stringis set to help effect hydraulic isolation of an end of a treatmentinterval prior to the step of pumping a fracturing fluid. For example,no packer is set as part of the tubular sting that is positioned in atreatment interval according to any method according to any of thepresent inventions. Similarly, no cement or other sealing compound, isset in a treatment interval in the annular space around the tubularstring according to any method according to any of the presentinventions.

Preferably, no packing of the tubular string is set within 1,500 feetuphole of the uphole end of a treatment interval. Preferably, no packingof the tubular string is set within 1,500 feet downhole of the downholeend of a treatment interval. The “uphole end” and “downhole end” of atreatment interval are hereinafter defined.

Methods of Fracturing an Openhole Wellbore Portion

According to a first invention, a method of fracturing an openholewellbore portion of a well is provided, the method comprising the stepsof:

-   -   (A) obtaining a fracturing job design having at least one        treatment interval for the openhole wellbore portion, wherein        the treatment interval:        -   (1) has a nominal cross-sectional area defined by the            nominal wellbore diameter of the openhole wellbore portion;            and        -   (2) has an uphole end and a downhole end;    -   (B) running a tubular string into the treatment interval,        wherein the tubular string has an axial passageway;    -   (C) before or after the step of running, forming one or more        tubular string openings in the tubular string, wherein after the        step of running, the one or more tubular string openings are        positioned in the treatment interval;

(D) except for the axial passageway of the tubular string, blocking atleast 86% of the nominal cross-sectional area of the treatment intervalthat is between one of the ends of the treatment interval and theaxially closest of the one or more tubular string openings to the one ofthe ends, wherein the blocking is along a summational axial length thatis at least 7 times the nominal wellbore diameter,

-   -   and, except for the axial passageway of the tubular string,        leaving unblocked at least 4% of the nominal cross-sectional        area of the treatment interval that is along an entire axial        length between the one of the ends of the treatment interval and        the axially closest of the one or more tubular string openings        to the one of the ends; and    -   (E) pumping a fracturing fluid through the tubular string and        through the one or more tubular string openings at a rate and        pressure sufficient to initiate at least one fracture in the        subterranean formation surrounding the treatment interval.

The step of obtaining a fracturing job design can further comprise thestep of designing the fracturing job design. In other situations, afracturing job design can be obtained from another party, such as anengineering firm or a consultant.

Preferably, prior to the step of pumping, no packing of the tubularstring is set uphole within 1,500 feet of the treatment interval.

More preferably, the step of blocking an openhole wellbore portion iswith a Venturi section. This is adapted to create a Venturi effect.

Preferably, the step of blocking comprises blocking at least 92% of thenominal cross-sectional area of the treatment interval that is betweenthe one of the ends of the treatment interval and the axially closest ofthe one or more tubular string openings to the one of the ends, whereinthe blocking is along a summational axial length that is at least 7times the nominal wellbore diameter.

Preferably, the method further includes the step of: blocking at least86% of the nominal cross-sectional area of the treatment interval thatis between the other of the ends of the treatment interval and theaxially closest of the one or more tubular string openings to the otherof the ends, wherein the blocking is along a summational axial lengththat is at least 7 times the nominal wellbore diameter, and, except forthe axial passageway of the tubular string, leaving unblocked at least4% of the nominal cross-sectional area of the treatment interval that isalong an entire axial length between the other of the ends of thetreatment interval and the axially closest of the one or more tubularstring openings to the other of the ends.

Preferably, prior to the step of pumping, no packing of the tubularstring is set downhole within 1,500 feet of the treatment interval.

Preferably, the step of blocking of the treatment interval that isbetween the other of the ends of the treatment interval and the axiallyclosest of the one or more tubular string openings comprises blocking atleast 92% of the nominal cross-sectional area of the treatment intervalthat is between the other of the ends of the treatment interval and theaxially closest of the one or more tubular string openings to the otherof the ends, wherein the blocking is along a summational axial lengththat is at least 7 times the nominal wellbore diameter.

More preferably, the step of blocking of the treatment interval that isbetween the other of the ends of the treatment interval and the axiallyclosest of the one or more tubular string openings is with a Venturisection.

According to a second invention, a method of fracturing an openholewellbore portion of a well is provided. The openhole wellbore portionhas a nominal wellbore diameter defining a nominal cross-sectional areaof the openhole wellbore portion. The method comprises the steps of:

-   -   (A) running a tubular string having a Venturi section into the        openhole wellbore portion of the well;    -   (B) before or after the step of running, forming one or more        tubular string openings in the tubular string to be located        downhole relative to the Venturi section of the tubular string,        wherein:        -   (1) the one or more tubular string openings allow fluid to            flow from the tubular string to outside the tubular string;        -   (2) the Venturi section has a generally tubular wall that            has a passageway extending axially therein, wherein the            passageway of the Venturi section is in fluid communication            with the one or more tubular string openings; and        -   (3) the one or more tubular string openings and the Venturi            section are not axially separated by a closed internal plug            within the tubular string; and    -   (C) pumping a fracturing fluid through the tubular string and        through the one or more tubular string openings at a rate and        pressure sufficient to initiate at least one fracture in the        subterranean formation surrounding the openhole wellbore        portion.

Preferably, prior to the step of pumping, no packing of the tubularstring is set uphole within 1,500 feet of the Venturi section.

Preferably, no tubular string opening is formed uphole relative to theVenturi section.

According to a first embodiment of the second invention, the generallytubular wall of the Venturi section:

-   -   (a) has a nominal outside diameter that:        -   (i) during the step of running, is equal to or greater than            93% of the nominal wellbore diameter;        -   (ii) extends for a summational axial length that is            continuous for at least 7 times the nominal wellbore            diameter; and        -   (iii) before the step of pumping, is not increased by            greater than 1% from the nominal outside diameter during the            step of running;    -   (b) has a cross-sectional profile that is circular along the        summational axial length; and    -   (c) does not have any opening in the tubular wall along the        summational axial length thereof that would allow fluid to flow        from the passageway to outside the tubular string.

According to a second embodiment of the second invention, the generallytubular wall of the Venturi section:

-   -   (a) has a nominal outside diameter that:        -   (i) during the step of running, is equal to or greater than            93% of the nominal wellbore diameter;        -   (ii) extends for a summational axial length that is at least            7 times the nominal wellbore diameter, wherein the            summational axial length is along an axial span of the            tubular string that is equal to or less than 30 times the            nominal wellbore diameter; and        -   (iii) during the step of running, the step of pumping, is            not increased by greater than 1% from the nominal outside            diameter during the step of running;    -   (b) does not allow contiguous fluid flow that is:        -   (i) along the axial span of the summational axial length;            and        -   (ii) between the outside surface of the generally tubular            wall and the nominal outside diameter of the summational            axial length of the Venturi section; and    -   (c) does not have any opening in the tubular wall along the        axial span of the summational axial length thereof that would        allow fluid to flow from the passageway to outside the tubular        string.

According to a third embodiment of the second invention, the generallytubular wall of the Venturi section:

-   -   (a) has a cross-sectional profile that:        -   (i) defines an area equal to or greater than 86% of the            nominal cross-sectional area of the openhole wellbore            portion;        -   (ii) extends for a summational axial length that is at least            7 times the nominal wellbore diameter, wherein the            summational axial length is along an axial span of the            tubular string that is equal to or less than 30 times the            nominal wellbore diameter; and        -   (iii) before the step of pumping, is not increased by            greater than 1% from the cross-sectional profile during the            step of running;    -   (b) does not allow contiguous fluid flow that is:        -   (i) along the summational axial length; and        -   (ii) between the passageway and the outside surface of the            generally tubular wall; and    -   (c) does not have any opening in the tubular wall along the        axial span of the summational axial length thereof that would        allow fluid to flow from the passageway to outside the tubular        string.

According to a fourth embodiment of the second invention, the generallytubular wall of the Venturi section:

-   -   (a) has a cross-sectional area including the cross-sectional        area of the passageway that:        -   (i) blocks an area equal to or greater than 86% of the            nominal cross-sectional area of the openhole wellbore            portion;        -   (ii) extends for a summational axial length that is at least            7 times the nominal wellbore diameter, wherein the            summational axial length is along an axial span of the            tubular string that is equal to or less than 30 times the            nominal wellbore diameter; and        -   (iii) before the step of pumping, is not increased by            greater than 1% from the cross-sectional area during the            step of running; and    -   (b) does not have any opening in the tubular wall along the        axial span of the summational axial length thereof that would        allow fluid to flow from the passageway to outside the tubular        string.

According to a fifth embodiment of the second invention, the generallytubular wall of the Venturi section is adapted to provide at least asufficient Venturi effect at at least one axial position along thesummational axial length thereof between the tubular string and the wallof the openhole wellbore portion so that during the step of pumping afracturing fluid, the Venturi effect contains a sufficient pressure ofthe fracturing fluid in the openhole wellbore portion to initiate the atleast one fracture.

As described herein, the actual outside diameter or cross-sectional areacan vary from the nominal along the summational axial length of aVenturi section.

FIGS. 1A-1E are side views (in a vertical plane parallel to the axis)(not to scale) illustrating an embodiment of the method of fracturing anopenhole wellbore portion 10. In this embodiment illustrated in FIGS.1A-1E, the openhole wellbore portion 10 includes a toe portion 11extending into a subterranean formation 12. The cross-sectional shape ofthe openhole wellbore portion 10 is substantially circular, but theshape can be irregular and can vary along the axial length of anyportion (such as the toe portion 11) of the openhole wellbore portion.The toe portion 11 of a horizontal wellbore terminates at a toe end 16.

FIG. 1A illustrates a step of running in an end portion of a tubularstring 26 into the toe portion 11 of the horizontal openhole wellboreportion 10. The tubular string 26 includes a plurality of tubularmembers.

The tubular members of the tubular string 26 can include, for example,joints, one or more Venturi members, and connecting collars. Moreparticularly, the tubular members of the tubular string 26 can include,for example, perforated joints 28 or non-perforated joints 30.

As used herein, a “Venturi member” is a tubular member, generallyreferred to by the reference 38, that includes at least one Venturisection, generally referred to by the reference 40. If more than oneVenturi member 38 is employed according to a method of the invention, afirst Venturi member is referred to by the reference 38 a, a secondVenturi member is referred to by the reference 38 b, etc. Similarly, ifmore than one Venturi section 40 is employed according to a method ofthe invention, a first Venturi section is referred to by the reference40 a, a second Venturi member is referred to by the reference 40 b, etc.

Each Venturi section 40, such as first and second Venturi sections 40 aand 40 b, has a downhole end 42 and an uphole end 44. In the case of aVenturi section 40 having an axially continuous nominal circumferencebetween the downhole end 42 and the uphole end 44 thereof, the downholeend 42 and the uphole end 44 define a summational axial length 50 thatis continuous. As is hereinafter explained in detail, a Venturi section40 can have an axially discontinuous nominal circumference between thedownhole end 42 and the uphole end 44 thereof, in which case only theaxial portions that meet the requirements for the Venturi section areincluded in determining the summational axial length of such a Venturisection.

Continuing to refer to FIG. 1A of the drawing, the tubular string 26includes first and second Venturi members 38 a and 38 b, which can bethe same or different. Each of the first and second Venturi members 38 aand 38 b has a Venturi section, designated as first and second Venturisections 40 a and 40 b, which can be the same or different. Each of theVenturi sections 40 a and 40 b has a summational axial length 50, whichcan be the same or different. In the illustrated treatment plan of FIG.1A, the first Venturi member 38 a is downhole relative to the secondVenturi member 38 b. Similarly, the first Venturi section 40 a isdownhole relative to the second Venturi section 40 b.

The joints 28 and 30 and the Venturi members 38 a and 38 b can beconnected to form the tubing string 26. A connection can be a integrallyformed tool joint on a joint or Venturi member or can be as a separate,axially short tubular member as a collar 52. The connections at thecollars 52 are preferably threaded. The tubing string 26 may optionallyhave an end cap 60.

The treatment method illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1E includes a plurality oftreatment intervals, in particular including a first treatment intervalF1 adjacent the toe end 16 of the openhole wellbore portion 10 and asecond treatment interval F2 in the toe portion 11 uphole of the firsttreatment interval F1. It is to be observed that the two adjacentillustrated treatment intervals F1 and F2 can be considered to overlapbased on the summational axial length 50 of Venturi section 40 a. Thisis because the Venturi effect provided by a Venturi section can beexpected to be maximized along at least one axial location of anyportion of the summational axial length 50 of the Venturi sectionbetween downhole end 42 and uphole end 44. Preferably, the Venturisections 40 a and 40 b do not include any openings in the tubular wallsof the Venturi sections between the downhole end 42 and the uphole end44, respectively.

Perforations or other openings in a tubular member, such as a joint, ofa tubular string 26 are generally referred to by the reference 61. Ifsuch perforations or other openings are in different treatment sectionsof a tubular string 26, a first one or more of such perforations oropenings in a treatment section 26 a may be referred to by the reference61 a, a second one or more of such perforations or openings in atreatment section 26 b may be referred to by the reference 61 b, etc. Atreatment section, such as treatment sections 26 a and 26 b, may beextremely short or extend axially for up to hundreds of feet.

Perforated joints 28 have one or more pre-perforated openings 61 aformed therein. A treatment section 26 a of the tubular string 26 in thefirst treatment interval F1 at the toe end 16 can have a plurality ofpre-formed openings 61 a therein. For example, a treatment section 26 acan include a plurality of perforated joints 28.

A treatment section 26 b of the tubular string 26 for the treatmentinterval F2 preferably does not have any open pre-formed openingstherein. For example, a treatment section 26 b can include a pluralityof joints 30 that are not pre-perforated. As will be appreciated by aperson of skill in the art, a treatment section 26 b can include aplurality of pre-formed openings that are temporarily closed with asliding sleeve or rupture disks (not shown).

FIG. 1B illustrates a step of pumping a fracturing fluid down from thewellhead (not shown) and through tubular string 26 to the treatmentsection 26 a and through the perforated openings 61 a. The fracturingfluid is pumped into the openhole wellbore portion 10 in the firsttreatment interval F1 at a rate and pressure at least sufficient toinitiate at least one fracture T1 in the surrounding subterraneanformation 12. Depending on the nature of the surrounding subterraneanformation 12, the fracture T1 can be formed anywhere along the length ofthe first treatment interval F1. The first Venturi section 40 a helpsmaintain fluid pressure within the first treatment interval F1 of theopenhole wellbore portion 10 so that substantial amounts of thefracturing fluid and treatment pressure does not escape uphole of thetreatment interval F1.

As is hereinafter explained in detail, after fracturing the firsttreatment interval F1, the interior passageway (not shown) of thetubular string 26 can be plugged in the downhole first Venturi section40 a or uphole of the first Venturi section 40 a, for example, at abouta position of P1 illustrated in FIG. 1A to prevent any pumped fluid fromreaching the tubular string openings 61 a in the first treatmentinterval F1. The internal plug positioned at P1 is adapted to preventfluid from reaching the treatment section 26 a.

FIG. 1C illustrates a step of plugging the interior passageway of thetubular string 26 with a plug 100 a. The plug 100 a can be of anyconventional design, such as temporary or removable.

FIG. 1D illustrates a step of opening or creating openings 61 b in thetreatment section 26 b of the tubular string 26 for the second treatmentinterval F2 between the two Venturi sections 40 a and 40 b. As will beappreciated by a person of skill in the art, a step of perforating tocreate the openings 61 b can be accomplished, for example, with aperforating charge mounted on a perforating gun (not shown) run into orpositioned in the tubular string 26. It is contemplated that theopenings 61 b can be pre-formed before running in the tubular string 26into the openhole wellbore portion 10, provided that the openings 61 bare initially blocked or closed during the prior step of pumping afracturing fluid down from the wellhead (not shown) and through tubularstring 26 to the treatment section 26 a and through the perforatedopenings 61 a. Moreover, it is contemplated that the step of openingpre-formed openings 61 b could be accomplished, for example, by moving asliding sleeve or bursting a rupture disk to uncover or unblock thepre-formed openings 61 b.

The sequence of the steps of plugging the interior passageway of thetubular string and opening or creating openings 61 b is not critical,but may be performed in any practical order.

FIG. 1E illustrates a step of pumping a fracturing fluid down from thewellhead (not shown) and through the tubular string 26 to the treatmentsection 26 b for the second treatment interval F2 and through the newlycreated perforations 61 b. The fracturing fluid is pumped into theopenhole wellbore portion 10 in the second treatment interval F2(indicated in FIGS. 1A-D) at a rate and pressure at least sufficient toinitiate at least one fracture T2 in the surrounding subterraneanformation 12. In this step, the downhole and uphole Venturi sections 40a and 40 b illustrated in FIG. 1A are adapted to help maintain fluidpressure within the second treatment interval F2. Depending on thenature of the surrounding subterranean formation 12, the fracture T2 canbe formed anywhere along the length of the second treatment interval F2.As will be appreciated by a person of skill in the art, no packing inthe annular space between the tubular string and the borehole of theopenhole wellbore portion is set downhole relative to the first Venturisection to effect hydraulic isolation of the second treatment intervalF2 for the step of pumping.

As will be appreciated by a person of skill in the art, the varioussteps according to the method can be repeated in any practical sequenceto fracture additional uphole treatment intervals. For example, thesteps of the process illustrated in FIGS. 1C-E can be sequentiallyrepeated one or more additional times in additional treatment intervals(not shown in FIGS. 1A-1E) that are located uphole of the treatmentinterval F2 to fracture multiple treatment intervals along the openholewellbore portion 10.

FIG. 2 is side view (not to scale) similar to FIG. 1, but illustratingthat an openhole wellbore portion 10 (for example, a toe portion 11 of ahorizontal openhole wellbore portion 10) can have portions withdifferent wellbore diameters, for example, for a first wellbore portion22 a and a second wellbore portion 22 b.

More particularly, FIG. 2 is a side view (in a vertical plane parallelto the axis) illustrating part of a treatment plan for a toe portion 11of an openhole wellbore portion 10. A tubular string 26 is run into thetoe portion 11 of the openhole wellbore portion 10. In this case, thetubular string 26 includes, for example, a plurality of non-perforatedjoints 30, a first Venturi member 38 a having a first Venturi section 40a, a second Venturi member 38 b having a second Venturi section 40 b,and a plurality of connecting collars 52. Each of the Venturi sections40 a and 40 b has a downhole end 42 and an uphole end 44. In thisembodiment, like in the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1A-E, theVenturi sections 40 a and 40 b have axially continuous nominal outsidediameters, such that the downhole end 42 and an uphole end 44 thereof,respectively, define a summational axial length 50 for each of theVenturi sections. As illustrated in FIG. 2, an axial passageway 62extends through the tubular members of the tubular string 26.

It is to be observed that the tubular string opening for the treatmentinterval F1 adjacent the toe end 16 of the openhole wellbore portion canbe merely an end opening 63 at the downhole end 42 of the most downholeVenturi section 40 a. The tubular string opening for the secondtreatment interval F2 uphole relative to the first treatment intervalcan be one or more openings anywhere along the tubular portion betweenthe Venturi sections 40 a and 40 b illustrated in FIG. 2.

In addition, although the view of FIG. 2 is not to scale, the upholeVenturi section 40 b is both larger in diameter and axially longer thanthe downhole Venturi section 40 a. This is because of the nominalwellbore diameter of wellbore portion 22 b in which the uphole Venturisection 40 b is positioned is larger than the nominal wellbore diameterof wellbore portion 22 a in which the downhole Venturi section 40 a ispositioned.

The steps of the treatment plan in FIG. 2 are otherwise similar to thosedescribed for the treatment plan of FIGS. 1A-E.

Creating Venturi Effect in an Openhole Wellbore Portion

Constricted Cross-Sectional Area for Fluid Flow

According to the method of fracturing an openhole wellbore portion,creating a small cross-sectional area between the outer wall of aVenturi section and the wall of an openhole wellbore portion along atleast one axial position causes a constricted cross-sectional areathrough which fluid can flow. This creates a Venturi effect, whichcreates a back-pressure across the constricted cross-sectional area.

According to an embodiment, preferably the nominal outside diameter ofthe summational length of the Venturi section is equal to or greaterthan 96% of the nominal wellbore diameter for fracturing of an openholewellbore portion.

According to another embodiment, preferably the cross-sectional profileof the Venturi section defines an area equal to or greater than 92% ofthe nominal cross-sectional area of the openhole wellbore portion.According to yet another embodiment, preferably the cross-sectional areaof the Venturi section, including the passageway therein, blocks an areaequal to or greater than 92% of the nominal cross-sectional area of theopenhole wellbore portion.

Length of Venturi Section for Openhole Wellbore Portion

According to the method of fracturing an openhole wellbore portion, theVenturi section has at least a sufficient summational length so that,despite “normal” variations in the nominal wellbore diameter, thenominal outside diameter of the Venturi section is highly probable toform an actual constricted cross-sectional area that is equal to or lessthan the nominally constricted cross-sectional area. Preferably, thelength of the Venturi section is at least sufficient such that it has aprobability of at least 95% of forming an actual constrictedcross-sectional area in the nominal diameter of the wellbore.

For example, it is currently believed that for most wellboreapplications and environments in a wellbore having a nominal diameter of3.5″, the Venturi section should have an effective or summational lengthof at least 2 feet, which is at least a factor of 7, that is, 24″/3.5″.For example, it is currently believed that for most wellboreapplications and environments in a wellbore having a nominal diameter of6″, the Venturi section should have an effective or summational lengthof at least 3.5 feet, which is at least a factor of 7, that is, 42″/6″.

More preferably, this factor is at least 10. For example, it iscurrently believed that for most wellbore applications and environmentsin a wellbore having a nominal diameter of 6″, the Venturi sectionshould have an effective or summational length of at least 5 feet, whichis at least a factor of 10, that is, 60″/6″. In a wellbore penetrating asubterranean formation that may have particularly poor structuralintegrity, it may be necessary or desirable to have higher lengthfactor.

In addition, a longer axial length of a constricted cross-sectional areathrough which fluid can flow provides a back pressure due to fluid flowresistance, which also increases as the viscosity of the fluidincreases. For this additional reason, it is preferable that the lengthfactor for the Venturi section be at least 10 relative to the nominalwellbore diameter.

It is to be understood that the profile or cross-sectional area can varyalong the summational axial length of the Venturi section.

Summational Axial Length Can Be Continuous or Discontinuous

As used herein, a “summational axial length” recognizes that a Venturisection can have a discontinuous outside diameter wherein some axiallength portions of the Venturi section can be separated by axial lengthportions having a nominal outside diameter that is substantially lessthan required for a Venturi section or to create a substantial Venturieffect. The summational axial length of the Venturi section can be, butneed not be, axially contiguous. Preferably, the cross-sectional profilealong the summational axial length of the Venturi section is circular.Most preferably, the summational axial length of the Venturi section iscontiguous and the cross-sectional outside profile of the tubular wallalong the summational axial length of the Venturi section is circular.

Preferably, the summational axial length of the Venturi section iswithin an axial span that is equal to or less than 20 times the nominalwellbore diameter for fracturing of an openhole wellbore portion.

Strength & Materials of Venturi Section

Preferably, the Venturi section of the tubular string consistsessentially of metal. Preferably, the Venturi section has at leastsufficient structural strength to withstand a pressure differential ofat least 1,000 psi across any axially contiguous portion of thesummational axial length.

Preferably, the nominal outside diameter of the Venturi section does notsubstantially increase by the swelling of the material of the Venturisection. More preferably, the material of the Venturi section does notswell greater than 5% by volume in the presence of any of deionizedwater, 9.6 lb/gal NaCl water, or diesel when tested at the bottomholetemperature and pressure for 10 days. Most preferably, the material ofthe Venturi section does not swell greater than 1% by volume in thepresence of any of deionized water, 9.6 lb/gal NaCl water, or dieselwhen tested at the bottomhole temperature and pressure for 10 days.

Preferably, the Venturi section of the tubular string is non-swellable,non-inflatable, and non-expandable.

Preferred Embodiments of a Venturi Section for Use in an OpenholeWellbore Portion

The generally tubular wall of a Venturi section can have a nominallythicker cross-section along the summational length of the Venturisection than the nominal thickness of a generally tubular wall of anaxially adjacent treatment section of the tubular string.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view (in a plane perpendicular to the axis)(approximately to scale) taken along lines 3-3 of FIG. 1. FIG. 3illustrates the nominal wellbore diameter A (of a portion of theopenhole wellbore portion 10 illustrated in FIG. 1A) having a tubularstring 26 run in, the tubular string 26 including a joint 30, a collar52, and a Venturi section 40. The cross-sectional view is taken at abouta mid-point of the 40-foot joint 30 such that the middle portion of thetubular members of the tubular string 26 are illustrated sagged towardthe bottom wall 18 of the openhole wellbore portion 10, which isillustrated as being a horizontal wellbore portion An axial passageway62 extends through the tubular members of the tubular string 26. In theillustrated embodiment of FIG. 3, the openhole wellbore portion 10 has anominal wellbore diameter A of 6 inches, the Venturi section 40 has anominal outside diameter B of 5.75 inches, the joint 30 has a nominaloutside diameter D of 4.5 inches, the collar 52 has a nominal outsidediameter D′ of 5 inches, and the axial passageway 62 has through thetubular members has a nominal inside diameter E of 4.0 inches.

The combined cross-sectional crescent-shaped areas 36, 55, and 48between the nominal outside diameter D of a joint 30 and the nominalwellbore diameter A of an openhole wellbore portion 10 illustrates across-sectional crescent-shaped area, which can be in a treatmentinterval of the openhole wellbore portion 10. The cross-sectionalcrescent-shaped area 48 between the nominal outside diameter B of theVenturi section 40 and the nominal wellbore diameter A illustrates anominally constricted cross-sectional area provided by the Venturisection. The nominally constricted cross-sectional area 48 reduces fluidflow from the treatment interval. The nominally constrictedcross-section area 48 is for creating a Venturi effect at at least oneaxial location across the summational axial length of a Venturi section40. At some point axially along the summational axial length of aVenturi section 40 (not shown in FIG. 3) depending on the varying shapeof the openhole wellbore portion 10, the nominally constrictedcross-sectional area 48 should be actually achieved to produce thedesired Venturi effect.

FIG. 4 is a side view (in a vertical plane parallel to the axis)(approximately to scale) of an openhole wellbore portion 10 having anominal wellbore diameter A (“hole”) of 6 inches (6″). The openholewellbore portion 10 is illustrated as being substantially horizontal.The wellbore portion 10 has a nominal bottom wall 18, and a nominal topwall 20, but illustrating that the wellbore wall 12 a of the openholewellbore portion 10 is actually irregular.

Continuing to refer to FIG. 4, a tubular string 26 is illustrated runinto the openhole wellbore portion 10. The tubular string 26 canincludes a joint 30 having a nominal outside diameter D of 4.5 inches(4.5″) and a nominal inside diameter E of 4.0 inches (4.0″), and aVenturi section 40 having a nominal outside diameter B of 5.75 inches(5.75″). The joint 30 and the Venturi section 40 can be integrallyformed or connected via a threaded connection (not shown). An axialpassageway 62 extends through the tubular string 26. In the embodimentof illustrated in FIG. 4, the Venturi section 40 has a nominal insidediameter C, which in this case is the same as the nominal insidediameter E of the joint 30, and which is the diameter of the portion ofthe passageway 62 extending through the Venturi section 40 of thetubular string 26. The Venturi section 40 is illustrated lying on thebottom irregular wall of the wellbore.

As indicated in FIG. 4, the actual constricted cross-sectional area 48(the area between the top outside diameter B of the Venturi section 40and the upper wellbore wall 12 a of the horizontal openhole wellboreportion 10) along much of the axial length (not completely illustratedin FIG. 4) of the Venturi section 40 may not be equal to or less thanthe nominally constricted cross-sectional area 48. The summational axiallength of the Venturi section is adapted to be at least sufficient sothat there is a high probability that at least one cross-sectionallocation 49 along the summational axial length of the Venturi sectionthe actual constricted cross-section area is in fact equal to or lessthan the nominally constricted cross-sectional area, thereby providingthe full expected Venturi effect. In addition, the axial length of theconstricted cross-sectional area(s) at or along such one or morelocations 49 along such a Venturi section helps maintain fluid pressurewithin a treatment interval.

FIG. 5 is a side view (in a vertical plane parallel to the axis)(approximately to scale) of an openhole wellbore portion 10 formed in asubterranean formation 12. The wellbore portion 10 has a nominalwellbore diameter A (sometimes referred to as a “hole”) of 6 inches(6″). FIG. 5 illustrates the ends of two tubular members, such as joints30 having nominal outside diameters D of about 4.5 inches (4.5″). Theends of the joints 30 are illustrated connected by a tubular collar 52having a nominal outside diameter D′ of 5.0 inches. FIG. 5 againillustrates that that the wall 12 a of the openhole wellbore portion 10may be irregular. It is believed that the tubular collar 52 has either anominal outside diameter D′ or an axial length 54 between downhole end56 and uphole end 58 that is too small to provide an appreciable Venturieffect in the cross-sectional area 55 along and between the tubularcollar 52 and the wall 12 a of the openhole wellbore portion 10. Aconventional collar 52 is believed to not appreciably help maintainfluid pressure within any treatment interval.

A presently most-preferred embodiment for a Venturi section for use in amethod according to the invention is structurally similar to a blastjoint. FIGS. 6A-C are side views (in a plane parallel to the axis) of atubular member, which together illustrate an example of a processes formaking a tubular member to include a Venturi section 40. In particular,FIG. 6A is a side view (in a plane parallel to the axis) (not to scale)of an example of a tubular member, in this case a ±40 foot (40′)non-perforated joint 30 having a nominal outside diameter D of about 4.5inches. This joint 30 can have a pin connector 80 at either end (forconnection through, for example, a collar 52, as illustrated at oneend), however, any suitable connector can be used at either end of thejoint 30.

A length can be cut out of a central section of the joint 30, forexample, a length of about 5 feet, into which a Venturi section 40 canbe inserted, as shown in FIG. 6B. FIG. 6B is a side view (in a planeparallel to the axis) (not to scale) of a tubular member having aVenturi section 40 inserted into the cut joint 30 of FIG. 6A. TheVenturi section 40 has a nominal outside diameter B of about 5.75 inchesand has a summational axial length of about 4 feet long (excluding the 6inch long tapered connector portions 64 and 66 at the downhole end 42and uphole end 44, respectively, of the Venturi section 40). Thisnominal outside diameter B is believed to be about the minimum suitablenominal outside diameter along a minimum summational axial length 50 foruse in a portion of an openhole wellbore having a nominal wellborediameter A of 6 inches. Smaller dimensions for a Venturi section for usein a wellbore having a nominal wellbore diameter A of 6 inches would notbe expected to provide a sufficient Venturi effect for maintain fluidpressure within a treatment interval.

FIG. 6C is a side view (in a plane parallel to the axis) (not to scale)of a Venturi section 40 having connections 84 at each end to theremainder of the Venturi member 38 (as illustrated in FIG. 6B). Each ofthe connections 84 can be of any suitable type, for example, welded orthreaded.

FIG. 7 is a side view (in a plan parallel to the axis) (not to scale) ofa tubular member 38 including a Venturi section 40 for use according toan embodiment of the invention. This embodiment is similar to theembodiment illustrated in FIG. 6C, except the nominal outside diameter Bof the Venturi section 40 is axially discontinuous along the axiallength thereof. In other words, the Venturi section 40 can have axiallyseparated Venturi portions 40 x and 40 y, each having an axial length 50x and 50 y. The several sections or portions of the Venturi member 38illustrated in FIG. 7 are connected at connections 84, which can be ofany suitable type.

The axial lengths 50 x and 50 y are summed to determine a “summationalaxial length” of the Venturi section 40. The axial length 51 of thetubular portion 39 of the Venturi member 38 has a nominal tubularoutside diameter that is smaller than the Venturi outside diameter B.The nominal tubular outside diameter of the tubular portion 39 can be,for example, the same as the outside diameter D of an adjacent joint 30.The axial length 51 does not contribute to the summational axial lengthof the Venturi section 40 between ends 42 and 44 of Venturi section 40.

According to the method of fracturing an openhole wellbore portion, thesummational axial length of a Venturi section is at least seven (7)times the nominal wellbore diameter in which the Venturi section is tobe used. For example, if the embodiment of a Venturi section 40 asillustrated in FIG. 7 is to be used in an openhole wellbore having anominal wellbore diameter of 6″, the summational axial length of theaxial lengths 50 x plus 50 y is preferably greater than seven times thenominal wellbore diameter, that is, greater than 42″ (3.5′).

According to the method of fracturing an openhole wellbore portion,preferably the summational axial length of a Venturi section is withinan axial span that is equal to or less than twenty (20) times thenominal wellbore diameter in which the Venturi section is to be used.For example, if the embodiment of a Venturi section 40 as illustrated inFIG. 7 is to be used in an openhole wellbore having a nominal wellborediameter of 6″, the total sum of the axial lengths 50 x plus 51 plus 50y is preferably less than twenty (20) times the nominal wellborediameter, that is, the total sum of the axial lengths 50 x plus 51 plus50 y is preferably less than 120″ (10′).

A Venturi section does not have any opening in the tubular wall alongthe axial span of the summational axial length thereof that would allowfluid to flow from the passageway to outside the tubular string. Forexample, in the embodiment of a Venturi section 40 as illustrated inFIG. 7, there is no opening in the tubular wall along the total sum ofthe axial lengths 50 x plus 51 plus 50 y that would allow fluid to flowfrom the passageway 62 to outside a tubular string including the Venturisection 40.

It is to be understood that although two axial lengths 50 x and 50 y areemployed, three or any other number of such axial lengths can be summedto provide the desired summational axial length for a Venturi section 40of an Venturi member 38. It is also to be understood that the axiallengths such as 50 x and 50 y of a Venturi section 40 can be ondifferent tubular members, provided that the desired summational axiallength is achieved.

FIG. 8A is a side view (in a plane parallel to the axis) (not to scale)of a tubular member 38 including a Venturi section 40 for use accordingto an embodiment of the invention. The Venturi section 40 has nominaloutside diameter along B a summational axial length 50 between ends 42and 44. In this embodiment, the outside surface of the Venturi section40 of the tubular member 38 has a plurality of lengthwise grooves 70 a.The tubular member 38 has an axial passageway 62, illustrated in dashedlines. According to this embodiment, each end 64 and 66 of the tubularmember 38 has female threads 68, illustrated in dashed lines. Thetubular member 38 preferably includes tapered portions 64 and 66adjacent the downhole and uphole ends 42 and 44, respectively, of theVenturi section 40, as shown.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 8A, the outside surface of theVenturi section 40 of the tubular member 38 has a plurality oflengthwise grooves 70 a. These grooves 70 a are inside the nominaloutside diameter B along the Venturi section 40 of the tubular member.The grooves 70 a are radially staggered and lengthwise so as not toallow fluid flow inside the nominal outside diameter along the entiresummational axial length 50 of the outside tubular wall of the Venturisection 40. It is believed that such grooves 70 a may provide eddycurrents in fluid flow between the outside wall of the Venturi sectionand a wellbore portion, which may help build up particulate in theconstricted cross-sectional flow area and help block additional fluidflow.

FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view (in a plane perpendicular to the axis)(approximately to scale) taken along lines 8B-8B through the embodimentof tubular member 38 shown in FIG. 8A. The axial passageway 62 is shownon the interior of the tubular member 38. FIG. 8B includes thecross-sectional profile (in a plane perpendicular to the axis) of thesurface of the tubular member shown in FIG. 8A. The grooves 70 a areradially staggered and lengthwise so as not to allow fluid flow insidethe nominal outside diameter B along the summational axial length 50 ofthe outside tubular wall of the Venturi section 40. Accordingly, thecross-sectional profile could optionally vary along the summationalaxial length 50 of the Venturi section 40.

FIG. 9A is a side view (in a plane parallel to the axis) (not to scale)of another variation of a tubular member 38 including a Venturi section40 for use according to an embodiment of the invention. The embodimentof FIG. 9A is similar to the tubular member 38 illustrated in FIG. 8A,but has a different design for outside surface of the Venturi section40. In this embodiment, the Venturi section 40 has nominal outsidediameter along B a summational axial length 50 between ends 42 and 44.The tubular member 38 shown in FIG. 9A has an axial passageway 62.Similar to the embodiment of FIG. 8A, in this embodiment in FIG. 9A thetubular member 38 has female threads 68 in tapered portions 64 and 66.

In the embodiment of FIG. 9A, the outside surface of a Venturi section40 of the tubular member 38 has a plurality of lengthwise grooves 70 b.These grooves are inside the nominal outside diameter B along theVenturi section 40 of the tubular member. The grooves 70 b are radiallystaggered and lengthwise so as not to allow fluid flow inside thenominal outside diameter along the entire length of the outside tubularwall. The grooves 70 b illustrated for the embodiment of FIG. 9A arelonger and fewer than the grooves 70 a illustrated for the embodiment ofFIG. 8A. It is believed that such grooves 70 b may provide eddy currentsin fluid flow between the outside wall of the Venturi section 40 and thewellbore, which may help build up particulate in the constrictedcross-sectional flow area and help block additional fluid flow.

FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional view (in a plane perpendicular to the axis)(approximately to scale) taken along lines 9B-9B through the embodimentof the tubular member 38 shown in FIG. 9A. The axial passageway 62 isshown on the interior of the tubular member. FIG. 9B includes thecross-sectional profile (in a plane perpendicular to the axis) of thesurface of the tubular member shown in FIG. 9A. The cross-sectionalprofile can vary along the summational axial length 50 of the Venturisection 40.

FIG. 10 is side view (in a vertical plane parallel to the axis) (roughlyto scale) of a portion of a openhole wellbore portion 10 formedsubstantially horizontally in a subterranean formation 12. Positioned inthe horizontal openhole wellbore is a tubular string 26 that includes adownhole first Venturi section 40 a, a fracturing sleeve type oftreatment section 32, and an uphole second Venturi section 40 b. TheVenturi member 38 of the portion of the tubular string 26 illustrated inFIG. 10 have a common nominal outside diameter B of 5.75 inches. Thetreatment section 32 can have any suitable number and design of openings61.

The treatment section 32 has one or more tubular string openings 61. Thetreatment section 32 can be of any suitable treatment length, providedit is not too long for the entire tubular section of the first Venturisection 40 a, the treatment section 32, and the second Venturi section40 b to be practically run in the openhole wellbore portion 10. Each ofthe uphole and downhole Venturi sections 40 a and 40 b is at least 3.5feet (42 inches long), which is at least equal to seven (7) times thenominal wellbore diameter A of 6 inches (6″). In this illustratedembodiment of FIG. 10, the first Venturi section 40 a, the treatmentsection 32, and the second Venturi section 40 b are integrally formedinto a single Venturi member 38. The sections 40 a, 32, and 40 b can beseparate and then connected into a tubular string 26 with threadedconnections or collars (not shown in FIG. 10). In addition, each of thesections 40 a, 32, and 40 b can be a single, integrally formed sectionor can be formed of separate sub-sections that are connected into atubular string 26 with threaded connections or collars (not shown inFIG. 10).

FIGS. 11A-C illustrate another embodiment of a Venturi section accordingto the invention, wherein an axially-elongated Venturi member 38, in theform of a slip-on Venturi member, is illustrated as being slipped overthe outside tubular wall a typical tubular string portion, such as alength of a joint 30. The Venturi member 38 providing a Venturi section40 can slide along the length of the tubular joint 30.

In particular, FIG. 11A is a cross-sectional view (in a plane includingthe axis axis) (not to scale) of a Venturi member 38 in the form of asleeve adapted to slide over a non-perforated joint 30. FIG. 11B is across-sectional view (in a plane perpendicular to the axis) (not toscale) taken along lines 11B-11B of FIG. 11A. As indicated in FIGS. 11Aand 11B, the Venturi member 38 in the form of a sleeve has Venturisection 40 with a nominal outside diameter B and a nominal insidediameter C. A length of a portion of a tubular string joint 30 has anoutside diameter D and an inside diameter E. An axial passageway 62extends through the center of the tubular joint 30. A clearance or gap Gis shown between the inside diameter C of the Venturi member 38 and theoutside diameter D of the tubular string joint 30. The length of theportion of a tubular string joint 30 is illustrated with a pin connector80 having male threaded ends, but any suitable connector can be used.Preferably, as illustrated in FIGS. 11A-B, the Venturi member in theembodiment of a sleeve can slide over at least the connector at one endof the length of portion of the tubular string. In FIGS. 11A-B, theVenturi section 40 and the tubular string joint 30 are illustratedhaving common, concentric axes along a center line CL.

FIG. 11C illustrates a side view of the Venturi member 38 of FIGS. 11Aand 11B in a slidable position on the tubular string, such as a 40-footlong joint 30. Preferably, as illustrated in FIG. 11C, when formed as asleeve, the Venturi member 38 can slide over at least the pin connector80 at one end of the length of portion of the tubular string joint 30.Preferably, however, as illustrated in FIG. 11C, the Venturi member 38cannot slide beyond a connector, collar 52, or other structure atanother portion or end of the tubular string joint 30.

Referring to all of FIGS. 11A-C, a small clearance or gap G isengineered between the inside diameter C of the Venturi member and theoutside diameter D of the length portion of the tubular joint 30. Thesmall clearance or gap G is adapted to allow the Venturi member to slideover the outside diameter D of outer tubular wall of the tubular joint30, but preferably does not provide an appreciable flow path for fluidflow across the summational axial length 50 of the Venturi section 40.

In addition, as will be appreciated by a person of skill in the art, two(2) times the clearance or gap G is preferably subtracted from thenominal outside diameter B of such a Venturi section 40 for thedetermination of whether the nominal outside diameter of such a Venturisection 40 is effectively equal to or greater than 93% of the nominalwellbore diameter. This effective diameter relates to an effectivelyblocked cross-sectional area. The cross-sectional area of any such flowpath outside the tubular string for fluid flow across the summationalaxial length 50 of the Venturi section 40 would diminish the Venturieffect. If the tubular string 26 is run in the openhole wellbore portion(not shown in FIGS. 11A-C) such that the Venturi section 40 would beexpected to abut the connector or collar 52 at the end of the jointshown in FIG. 11C, however, it would be expected that such an abutmentwould block fluid flow through the gap G. Nevertheless, unless theVenturi member is pinned or otherwise held in such an abutting position,such a closure of the gap G may not be obtained.

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view (in a plane perpendicular to the axis)(approximately to scale) of a profile of a Venturi member 38 having aVenturi section 40 positioned over a tubular joint 30 according to theembodiment illustrated in FIG. 11A. FIG. 12 additionally illustrates theassembly concentrically positioned in an openhole wellbore portion 10having a nominal wellbore diameter A. In FIG. 12, the Venturi member 38is illustrated positioned on a joint 30 of a tubular string.

In addition, FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a Venturimember 38 according to the sleeve embodiment of FIGS. 11A-C as run in anopenhole wellbore portion 10. FIG. 12 illustrates a nominal wellborediameter A, a nominal Venturi section outside diameter B, a nominalVenturi section inside diameter C, a nominal joint outside diameter D,and a nominal joint inside diameter E. The cross-sectional area betweenthe nominal wellbore diameter A and the nominal Venturi section outsidediameter B defines a constricted flow area 48. The cross-sectional areabetween the nominal Venturi section inside diameter C and the nominaljoint outside diameter D defines a clearance or gap G. It will beappreciated by one of skill in the art that both the constricted flowarea 48 between the outer surface of the Venturi section 40 and the areaof gap G should be taken into account as the effective cross-sectionalarea of the potential fluid flow around the Venturi section 40 of thisembodiment.

Methods of Fracturing a Cased Wellbore Portion

According to a third invention, a method of fracturing a cased wellboreportion of a well is provided, the method comprising the steps of:

-   -   (A) obtaining a fracturing job design having at least one        treatment interval for the cased wellbore portion, wherein the        treatment interval:        -   (1) has a nominal cross-sectional area defined by the            nominal casing inside diameter of the casing of the cased            wellbore portion; and        -   (2) has an uphole end and a downhole end;    -   (B) running a tubular string into the treatment interval,        wherein the tubular string has an axial passageway;    -   (C) before or after the step of running, forming one or more        tubular string openings in the tubular string, wherein after the        step of running, the one or more tubular string openings are        positioned in the treatment interval;    -   (D) before or after the step of running, forming one or more        casing openings in the casing of the treatment interval;    -   (E) except for the axial passageway of the tubular string,        blocking at least 86% of the nominal cross-sectional area of the        treatment interval that is between one of the ends of the        treatment interval and the axially closest of the one or more        tubular string openings, wherein the blocking is along a        summational axial length that is at least one inch,    -   and, except for the axial passageway of the tubular string,        leaving unblocked at least 4% of the nominal cross-sectional        area of the treatment interval that is along an entire axial        length between the end of the treatment interval and the axially        closest of the one or more tubular string openings; and    -   (F) pumping a fracturing fluid through the tubular string,        through the one or more tubular string openings, and through the        one or more casing openings at a rate and pressure sufficient to        initiate at least one fracture in the subterranean formation        surrounding the treatment interval, wherein prior to the step of        pumping, no packing of the tubular string is set uphole within        1,500 feet of the treatment interval.

The step of obtaining a fracturing job design can further comprise thestep of designing the fracturing job design. In other situations, afracturing job design can be obtained from another party, such as anengineering firm or a consultant.

Preferably, the step of blocking a cased wellbore portion:

-   -   extends for a summational axial length that is continuous for at        least 2 times the nominal casing inside diameter; and    -   does not have any opening in the tubular wall along the        summational axial length thereof that would allow fluid to flow        from the passageway to outside the tubular string.

Preferably, the step of blocking a cased wellbore portion is with aVenturi section. This is preferably adapted to create a Venturi effect.

Preferably, the step of blocking comprises blocking at least 92% of thenominal cross-sectional area of the treatment interval that is betweenthe one of the ends of the treatment interval and the axially closest ofthe one or more tubular string openings to the one of the ends, whereinthe blocking is along a summational axial length that is at least 2times the nominal casing inside diameter.

Preferably, the step of blocking is with a Venturi section.

Preferably, this method further includes the step of: blocking at least86% of the nominal cross-sectional area of the treatment interval thatis between the other of the ends of the treatment interval and theaxially closest of the one or more tubular string openings to the otherof the ends, wherein the blocking is along a summational axial lengththat is at least one inch, and, except for the axial passageway of thetubular string, leaving unblocked at least 4% of the nominalcross-sectional area of the treatment interval that is along an entireaxial length between the other of the ends of the treatment interval andthe axially closest of the one or more tubular string openings to theother of the ends.

Preferably, prior to the step of pumping, no packing of the tubularstring is set downhole within 1,500 feet of the treatment interval.

Preferably, the step of blocking of the treatment interval that isbetween the other of the ends of the treatment interval and the axiallyclosest of the one or more tubular string openings comprises blocking atleast 92% of the nominal cross-sectional area of the treatment intervalthat is between the other of the ends of the treatment interval and theaxially closest of the one or more tubular string openings to the otherof the ends, wherein the blocking is along a summational axial lengththat is at least one inch.

Preferably, wherein the step of blocking of the treatment interval thatis between the other of the ends of the treatment interval and theaxially closest of the one or more tubular string openings is with aVenturi section.

According to a fourth invention, a method of fracturing a cased wellboreportion of a well is provided. The cased wellbore portion has a nominalcasing inside diameter defining a nominal cross-sectional area of thecased wellbore portion. The method comprises the steps of:

-   -   (A) running a tubular string having a Venturi section into the        cased wellbore portion of the well;    -   (B) before or after the step of running, forming one or more        tubular string openings in the tubular string to be located        downhole relative to the upper end of the Venturi section of the        tubular string, wherein:        -   (1) the one or more tubular string openings allow fluid to            flow from the tubular string to outside the tubular string;        -   (2) the Venturi section has a generally tubular wall that            has a passageway extending axially therein, wherein the            passageway of the Venturi section is in fluid communication            with the one or more tubular string openings;        -   (3) the one or more tubular string openings and the Venturi            section are not axially separated by a closed internal plug            within the tubular string; and    -   (C) before or after the step of running, forming one or more        casing openings in the casing to be located downhole relative to        the upper end of the Venturi section of the tubular string; and    -   (D) pumping a fracturing fluid through the tubular string,        through the one or more tubular string openings, and through the        one or more casing openings at a rate and pressure sufficient to        initiate at least one fracture in the subterranean formation        surrounding the cased wellbore portion, wherein prior to the        step of pumping, no packing of the tubular string is set uphole        within 1,500 feet of the Venturi section.

Preferably, the generally tubular wall of the Venturi section:

-   -   extends for a summational axial length that is continuous for at        least 2 times the nominal casing inside diameter; and    -   does not have any opening in the tubular wall along the        summational axial length thereof that would allow fluid to flow        from the passageway to outside the tubular string.

Preferably, no tubular string opening is formed uphole relative to theVenturi section.

According to a first embodiment of the fourth invention, the generallytubular wall of the Venturi section:

-   -   (a) has a nominal outside diameter that:        -   (i) during the step of running, is equal to or greater than            93% of the nominal casing inside diameter; and        -   (ii) before the step of pumping, is not increased by greater            than 1% from the nominal outside diameter during the step of            running; and    -   (b) has a cross-sectional profile that is circular.

According to a second embodiment of the fourth invention, the generallytubular wall of the Venturi section:

-   -   (a) has a cross-sectional profile that:        -   (i) during the step of running, defines an area equal to or            greater than 86% of the nominal cross-sectional area of the            inside of the casing of the cased wellbore portion; and        -   (ii) before the step of pumping, is not increased by greater            than 1% from the cross-sectional profile during the step of            running;    -   (b) does not allow contiguous fluid flow that is between the        passageway and the outside surface of the generally tubular        wall.

According to a third embodiment of the fourth invention, the generallytubular wall of the Venturi section:

-   -   (a) has a cross-sectional area including the cross-sectional        area of the passageway that:        -   (i) during the step of running, blocks an area equal to or            greater than 86% of the nominal cross-sectional area of the            inside of the casing of the cased wellbore portion; and        -   (ii) before the step of pumping, is not increased by greater            than 1% from the cross-sectional area during the step of            running.

According to a fourth embodiment of the fourth invention, the generallytubular wall of the Venturi section is adapted to provide at least asufficient Venturi effect between the tubular string and the insidecasing wall of the cased wellbore portion so that during the step ofpumping a fracturing fluid, the Venturi effect contains a sufficientpressure of the fracturing fluid in the casing of the cased wellbore toinitiate the at least one fracture in the subterranean formationsurrounding the cased wellbore portion.

Creating Venturi Effect in a Cased Wellbore Portion

The method of fracturing a cased wellbore portion can employ a Venturisection similar in design to one used for a method of fracturing anopenhole wellbore portion. The main difference in context is that theinside diameter of a casing is relatively smooth and highly regularcompared to the wall of an openhole wellbore portion. Accordingly,unless otherwise specified, the Venturi section for use in a method offracturing a cased wellbore portion can use a Venturi section that issimilar in design to one used for a method of fracturing an openholewellbore portion, and the similar description thereof is not repeated.

Preferred Embodiments of a Venturi Section for Use in a Cased WellborePortion

Preferably, according to any of the embodiments of the methods offracturing a cased wellbore portion of a well, the generally tubularwall of the Venturi section extends for a summational axial length thatis continuous for at least 2 times the nominal casing inside diameter;and does not have any opening in the tubular wall along the summationalaxial length thereof that would allow fluid to flow from the passagewayto outside the tubular string. This helps prevent the Venturi sectionfrom becoming trapped or hung in a casing string at the connectionbetween two tubular members of the casing.

More preferably, according to the method of fracturing a cased wellboreportion, a longer axial length of a constricted cross-sectional areathrough which fluid can flow provides a back pressure due to fluid flowresistance, which also increases as the viscosity of the fluidincreases. For this reason, it is preferable that the length factor forsummational length of the Venturi section be at least 10 relative to thenominal inside diameter of the casing.

For example, FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view (in a plane perpendicularto the axis) (approximately to scale) of a profile of the Venturisection 40 of a Venturi member 38 according to the embodimentillustrated in FIGS. 11A-C positioned in a cased wellbore portion 88.The casing 86 may or may not be cemented in position in the casedwellbore portion 88. The casing 86 provides a cased wellbore portion 88.The casing 86 has a nominal casing inside diameter H. In FIG. 13, theVenturi section 40 (as a Venturi member in the form of a sleeve) isillustrated positioned on a tubular string joint 30 in the casedwellbore portion 86. The cased wellbore portion 86 can be a verticalwellbore portion such that the tubular string joint 30 and Venturisection 40 of a Venturi member 38 are illustrated in this FIG. 13 asbeing in a substantially concentric position in the cased wellbore 86penetrating a subterranean formation 12. The Venturi section 40 and thetubular joint 30 can be off-center, regardless of whether the casedwellbore portion 88 is vertical or horizontal.

In addition, FIG. 13 illustrates a nominal wellbore diameter A, anominal casing inside diameter H, a nominal Venturi section outsidediameter B, a nominal Venturi section inside diameter C, a nominal jointoutside diameter D, and a nominal joint inside diameter E. Thecross-sectional area between the nominal casing inside diameter H andthe nominal Venturi member outside diameter B defines a constricted flowarea 92. The cross-sectional area between the nominal Venturi sectioninside diameter C and the nominal joint outside diameter D defines aclearance or gap G. It will be appreciated by one of skill in the artthat both the constricted flow area 92 between the outer surface of theVenturi section and the gap G between the Venturi section 40 and thejoint 30 should be taken into account as the effective cross-sectionalarea of the potential fluid flow around the Venturi section 40.

As illustrated in FIG. 13, a cased wellbore portion 86 of a particularnominal casing inside diameter 92 should be expected to have awell-defined and circular cross-section. Except at threaded connections,this inside diameter should be relatively constant. As will behereinafter explained, in the methods for treating a cased wellboreportion, the summational axial length of the Venturi section (not shownin FIG. 13) is less critical than for the methods for treating anopenhole wellbore portion.

FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view (in a plane including the axis) (notto scale) illustrating an example of a Venturi section 38 including aVenturi section 40 positioned in the casing 86 of a cased wellboreportion (the wellbore is not shown in FIG. 14). In this embodiment, theVenturi member 38 is generally similar to the embodiment of a Venturimember previously described with reference to FIG. 6C. The Venturimember 38 illustrated in FIG. 14 includes tapered portions 64 and 66adjacent the downhole and uphole ends 42 and 44, respectively, of theVenturi section 40, as shown. The tapers help the Venturi section be runinto a wellbore portion, either openhole or cased as shown in FIG. 14.At either axial end, the Venturi member 38 is connected into and as partof a tubular string 26. The ends of the Venturi member 38 can beconnected to tubular joints 30 via threaded connections. For example, anend of the Venturi section can be connected to a tubular joint 30through a collar 52, as illustrated in FIG. 14; however, any suitableconnector can be used at either end of the Venturi section. A restrictedannulus or area 92 is created between the interior wall of the casing 86and the exterior wall of the Venturi section. The restricted annulus orarea 92 is adapted to provide a sufficient Venturi effect across thesummational axial length of the Venturi section 40 between the Venturisection 40 and the inside wall of the casing 86. Although the Venturisection 40 is illustrated as being concentric to the casing 86, theVenturi section 40 can be off-center and still provide the desiredVenturi effect through the restricted area 92.

Preferred Embodiments for Methods of Fracturing a Cased Wellbore Portion

FIG. 15A is a side view (in a plane parallel to the axis) (not to scale)of a tubular string 26 with a plurality of Venturi members shown run inand positioned in a casing 86 of a cased wellbore portion. According tothis embodiment, the casing 86 is not pre-perforated before running inthe tubular string 26. More particularly, the tubular string 26 includesa plurality of non-perforated joints 30 and a plurality of Venturimembers 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, and 38 d connected with threaded connectionsor collars 52. The one or more joints 30 between the Venturi members canprovide a treatment section for the tubular string 26. The joints 30between the Venturi members can be of any suitable axial length, asillustrated by the break-apart lines in FIG. 15A. The Venturi membersillustrated in FIG. 15A are similar to the Venturi member 38 illustratedin FIG. 14. The tubular string 26 has an axial passageway (not shown inFIG. 15).

FIG. 15B is a cross-sectional view (in a plane perpendicular to theaxis) (not to scale) taken along lines 15B-15B through the Venturimember 38 b of the tubular string 26 shown in FIG. 15A. Thecross-sectional view in FIG. 15B is enlarged relative to the lengthwiseview shown in FIG. 15A. FIG. 15B illustrates an axial passageway 62through a Venturi section 40 of the Venturi member 38 b, a Venturiannulus or area 92, and the casing 86.

Continuing to refer to FIGS. 15A-B, as will be hereinafter described indetail, after running in the tubular string 26 openings can be createdor opened in the tubular string 26 and the casing 86. For example, aperforating gun can be run into the tubular string 26 and used to createperforated openings (not shown in FIGS. 15A-B) through both the tubularwall of the tubular string 26 and the tubular wall of the casing 86.This creates fluid communication between the axial passageway 62extending through the tubular string 26 and through the casing 86 to thesurrounding subterranean formation 12 adjacent to the newly-createdperforations.

FIG. 16A is a side view (in a plane parallel to the axis) (not to scale)of a tubular string 26 with a plurality of Venturi members shown run inand positioned in a casing 86 of a cased wellbore portion. According tothis embodiment, the casing 86 has pre-existing casing perforations 94before running in the tubular string 26. In this case, the Venturimembers 38 b and 38 c are illustrated as axially bracketing thepre-existing casing perforations 94. This embodiment is otherwisesimilar to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 15A.

FIG. 16B is a cross-sectional view (in a plane perpendicular to theaxis) (not to scale) taken along lines 16B-16B through a joint 30 of thetubular string 26 shown in FIG. 16A. The cross-sectional view in FIG.16B is enlarged relative to the lengthwise view shown in FIG. 16A. FIG.16B illustrates an axial passageway 62 through the joint 30, the endview of a collar 52, an end view a Venturi section 40 of the Venturimember 38 c, an end view of a Venturi annulus or area 92, and thecross-section of the casing 86 with casing perforations 94.

Continuing to refer to FIGS. 16A-B, as will be hereinafter described indetail, after running in the tubular string 26, openings can be createdor opened in the tubular string 26. For example, a sliding sleeve (notshown) can be used to uncover openings in a joint 30 of the tubularstring 26. This allows fluid communication between the axial passageway62 extending through the tubular string 26 and into the casing 86 of thewellbore. The pre-existing casing perforations 94 allow fluidcommunication from inside the casing 86 to the surrounding subterraneanformation 12.

FIG. 17A is a side view (in a plane parallel to the axis) (not to scale)of a tubular string 26 with a plurality of Venturi members shown run inand positioned in a casing 86 of a wellbore. According to thisembodiment, the casing 86 has pre-existing casing perforations 94 beforerunning in the tubular string 26. In this case, however, the axiallength of a Venturi section, such as the Venturi section of Venturimember 38 b, may axially overlap with the axial location of a pluralityof pre-existing casing perforations 94. Depending on exactly where theVenturi effect is maximized along the summational axial length of theVenturi section of the Venturi member 38 b, the Venturi effect willrestrict fluid flow to some of the pre-existing casing perforations oropenings 94. This will restrict fluid flow either uphole or downhole, asthe case may be, of the maximum Venturi effect of the Venturi sectionprovided by the area 92. This embodiment is otherwise similar to theembodiment illustrated in FIG. 15A.

FIG. 17B is a cross-sectional view (in a plane perpendicular to theaxis) (not to scale) taken along lines 17B-17B through the Venturimember 38 b of the tubular string 26 shown in FIG. 17A. Thecross-sectional view in FIG. 17B is enlarged relative to the lengthwiseview shown in FIG. 17A. FIG. 17B illustrates an axial passageway 62through a Venturi section 40 of the Venturi member 38 b, a Venturiannulus or area 92, and the casing 86 with casing perforations 94.

Continuing to refer to FIGS. 17A-B, as will be hereinafter described indetail, after running in the tubular string 26 openings can be createdor opened in the tubular string 26. For example, a sliding sleeve (notshown) can be used to uncover openings in a joint 30 of the tubularstring 26. This allows fluid communication between the axial passageway62 extending through the tubular string 26 and into the casing 86 of thewellbore. The pre-existing casing perforations 94 allow fluidcommunication from inside the casing 86 to the surrounding subterraneanformation 12.

FIG. 18A is a side view (in a plane parallel to the axis) (not to scale)of a tubular string 26 with a plurality of Venturi members shown run inand positioned in a casing 86 of a cased wellbore portion. According tothis embodiment, the casing 86 has pre-existing casing perforations 94,similar to the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 17A-B. In this embodimentof FIG. 18A, however, the pre-existing casing perforations 94 are closedwith an external sliding sleeve 96.

FIG. 18B is a cross-sectional view (in a plane perpendicular to theaxis) (not to scale) taken along lines 18B-18B through the Venturimember 38 a of the tubular string 26 shown in FIG. 18A. Thecross-sectional view in FIG. 18B is enlarged relative to the lengthwiseview shown in FIG. 18A. FIG. 18B is similar to FIG. 17B, exceptadditionally illustrating an external sliding sleeve 96 over the casingperforations 94. As illustrated in FIG. 18B and will be appreciated by aperson of skill in the art, the sliding sleeve has previously been movedto uncover and open the casing perforations 94 so that fluid can flowfrom inside the casing 86 through the casing perforations 94 to outsidethe casing.

Continuing to refer to FIGS. 18A-B, as will be hereinafter described indetail, after running in the tubular string 26 openings can be createdor opened in the tubular string 26. For example, a sliding sleeve (notshown) can be used to uncover pre-formed openings (not shown) in a joint30 of the tubular string 26. This allows fluid communication between theaxial passageway 62 extending through the tubular string 26 and into thecasing 86 of the wellbore. As will be appreciated by a person of skillin the art, the sliding sleeve 96 has been previously operated to openpre-existing casing perforations 94. This allows fluid communicationfrom inside the casing 86 to the surrounding subterranean formation 12.

FIGS. 19A-18G are cross-sectional views (in a plane including the axis)(not to scale) illustrating a sequence of steps according to anembodiment of the method for fracturing a cased wellbore portion 88.

More particularly, FIG. 19A illustrates a cased wellbore portion 88,which is a cased wellbore portion 88. Preferably, at least one packer,such as packers 98 a, 98 b, and 98 c, are positioned and set in theannulus between the outside of the casing 86 and the wall 12 a of thewellbore. If present, these set packers help prevent axial fluid flowalong the annulus between outside the casing 86 and the wall of thewellbore 10. If present, the set packers 98 a and 98 b define a firsttreatment interval F1 outside the casing 86. Similarly, the set packers98 b and 98 c define a second treatment interval F2 outside the casing86.

The packers 98 a, 98 b, and 98 c can be of any conventional design. Aswill be appreciated by a person of skill in the art, the casing 86 canoptionally have been previously perforated (not shown). The casing 86can have pre-formed openings, such as slots (not shown), with a slidingsleeve (not shown in FIG. 19A) for closing and then opening thepre-formed openings.

According to an embodiment, it is contemplated that the casing 86 andthe packers 98 a, 98 b, and 98 c can be of a previously used tubularstring including Venturi sections that were used in a previous treatmentof the openhole wellbore 10. The previously used tubular string remainsin the wellbore to act as the casing 86. See FIG. 1.

It is also contemplated that the casing 86 can be cemented in thewellbore 10, which may be with or without packers. If cemented, thecement in the annulus between the outside of the casing 86 and the wallof the wellbore 10 would help prevent axial fluid flow along the annulusbetween outside the casing 86 and the wall of the wellbore 10.

FIG. 19B illustrates a step of running in and positioning a tubularstring 26 into the cased wellbore portion 88. The tubular string 26 caninclude, for example, a plurality of non-perforated joints 30. Thetubular string 26 includes at least one Venturi member, such as Venturimembers 38 a, 38 b, and 38 c. As will be appreciated by a person ofskill in the art, if the uphole Venturi member 38 b is positioned nearthe end of a wellbore 10, the downhole Venturi member 38 a may not benecessary. (See the previous description herein with reference to FIG.2.) The tubular string 26 has an axial passageway 62.

FIG. 19C illustrates a step of perforating or otherwise creating firstopenings 61 a through the tubular wall of the tubular string 26. In theillustrated embodiment, the openings 61 a are perforated or created at alocation uphole relative to the Venturi section of Venturi member 38 a(if present) and downhole of the Venturi section of Venturi member 38 b.As will be appreciated by a person of skill in the art, although onlyone axial location of perforations 61 a are created or opened, aplurality of perforations can be created or opened anywhere between theVenturi sections of Venturi members 38 a and 38 b.

As will be appreciated by a person of skill in the art, the step ofperforating to create the openings 61 a can be accomplished, forexample, with a perforating charge mounted on a perforating gun (notshown) run into or positioned in the tubular string 26. It iscontemplated that the openings 61 a can be pre-formed before running inthe tubular string 26 into the cased wellbore 88. (See the previousdescription herein with reference to FIG. 1.) Moreover, it iscontemplated that the step of opening pre-formed openings 61 a could beaccomplished, for example, by moving a sliding sleeve or bursting arupture disk to uncover or unblock the pre-formed openings 61 a in thetubular string 26.

In addition, FIG. 19C illustrates the step of perforating or otherwisecreating first casing openings 94 a through the tubular wall of thecasing 88. In the illustrated embodiment, the casing openings 94 a areperforated or created uphole relative to the packer 98 a (if present)and downhole of the packer 98 b (if present).

It is contemplated that the step of perforating or forming the tubularmember openings 61 a and perforating or forming the casing openings 94 acan be performed simultaneously. For example, as will be appreciated bya person of skill in the art, a perforating charge can create an opening61 a through the tubular wall of the tubular string 26 and through thetubular wall of the casing 86, to create substantially aligned openings61 a and 94 a as illustrated in FIG. 19C.

As will be appreciated by a person of skill in the art, the step ofperforating to create the openings 94 a can be accomplished, forexample, with a perforating charge mounted on a perforating gun (notshown) run into or positioned in the tubular string 26. It iscontemplated that the openings 94 a can be pre-formed before running inthe casing 86 into the wellbore 10. (See FIG. 1.) Moreover, it iscontemplated that the step of opening pre-formed openings 94 a could beaccomplished, for example, by moving a sliding sleeve or bursting arupture disk to uncover or unblock the pre-formed openings 94 a in thecasing 86.

Although illustrated as being aligned in FIG. 19C, it is not necessarythat the first casing openings 94 a be axially or radially aligned withthe first openings 61 a in the tubular string 26. For example, if thecasing openings 94 a are pre-existing in the casing, then the firstopenings 61 a may not be aligned with the casing openings 94 a.Regardless of any alignment, the first casing openings 94 a and thefirst tubular string openings 61 a between Venturi sections of theVenturi members 38 a and 38 b will be in fluid communication through theannulus between the outside of the tubular string 26 and the inside ofthe casing 88.

FIG. 19D illustrates a step of pumping a fracturing fluid T1 through thetubular string 26, through the openings 61 a, through the annulusbetween the tubular string 26 and the casing 86, through the casingopenings 94 a, and into the surrounding subterranean formation 12. Aswill be appreciated by a person of skill in the art, the Venturi sectionof the downhole Venturi member 38 a (if present) and the Venturi sectionof the uphole Venturi member 38 b axially contain the fracturing fluidT1 in the annular space between the tubular string 26 and the casing 86.Preferably, the Venturi section provides a sufficient Venturi effectthat helps contain a rate and pressure of pumped fracturing fluidaxially in a section of the casing 86. Similarly, the packers 98 a and98 b, if present and set, help axially contain the fracturing fluid T1in the annular space, if any, between the casing 86 and the wall of thewellbore 10. The rate and pressure of pumping the fracturing fluid andthe Venturi effect forces the fracturing fluid T1 into the subterraneanformation 12. The rate and pressure of pumping the fracturing fluid T1is adapted to be sufficiently high such that when axially contained bythe Venturi effect, the fracturing fluid is directed outward throughcasing perforations 94 a to the subterranean formation 12 at a rate andpressure adapted to be at least sufficient to create at least onefracture in the formation.

FIG. 19E illustrates a step of positioning a first bridge plug 100 a inthe axial passageway 62 of the tubular string 26. Preferably, the bridgeplug 100 a is temporary or removable. The bridge plug 100 a preventsfluid from flowing downhole through the passageway 62 past the bridgeplug.

FIG. 19F illustrates a step of perforating or otherwise creating secondopenings 61 b through the tubular wall of the tubular string 26. In theillustrated embodiment, the openings 61 b are perforated or createduphole relative to the Venturi section of Venturi member 38 b anddownhole of the Venturi section of Venturi member 38 c. As will beappreciated by a person of skill in the art, the step of perforating tocreate the openings 61 a can be accomplished, for example, with aperforating charge mounted on a perforating gun (not shown) run into orpositioned in the tubular string 26. Moreover, it is contemplated thatthe step of opening pre-formed openings 61 b could be accomplished, forexample, by moving a sliding sleeve or bursting a rupture disk touncover or unblock the pre-formed openings 61 b in the tubular string26.

In addition, FIG. 19F illustrates the step of perforating or otherwisecreating second casing openings 94 b through the tubular wall of thecasing 88. In the illustrated embodiment, the casing openings 94 b areperforated or created uphole relative to the packer 98 b (if present)and downhole of the packer 98 c (if present and set). Althoughillustrated as being aligned in FIG. 19F, it is not necessary that thefirst casing openings 94 b be axially or radially aligned with the firstopenings 61 b in the tubular string 26. Regardless of alignment, thefirst casing openings 94 b and the first tubular string openings 61 bwill be in fluid communication through the annulus between the tubularstring 26 and the casing 88. As will be appreciated by a person of skillin the art, the step of perforating to create the openings 94 b can beaccomplished, for example, with a perforating charge mounted on aperforating gun (not shown) run into or positioned in the tubular string26. It is contemplated that the openings 94 b can be pre-formed beforerunning in the casing 86 into the wellbore 10. Moreover, it iscontemplated that the step of opening pre-formed openings 94 b could beaccomplished, for example, by moving a sliding sleeve (not shown) orbursting a rupture disk (not shown) to uncover or unblock the pre-formedopenings 94 b in the casing 86.

Further, it is contemplated that the step of perforating or forming thetubular member openings 61 b and perforating or forming the casingopenings 94 b can be performed simultaneously. For example, as will beappreciated by a person of skill in the art, a perforating charge cancreate an opening 61 b through the tubular wall of the tubular string 26and through the tubular wall of the casing 86, substantially asillustrated in FIG. 19F.

FIG. 19G illustrates a step of pumping a fracturing fluid T2 through thetubular string 26, through the openings 61 b, through the annulusbetween the tubular string 26 and the casing 86, through the casingopenings 94 b, and into the surrounding subterranean formation 12. Aswill be appreciated by a person of skill in the art, the Venturi sectionof the downhole Venturi member 38 b and the Venturi section of theuphole Venturi member 38 c axially contain the fracturing fluid T2 inthe annular space between the tubular string 26 and the casing 86. Aswill be appreciated by a person of skill in the art, no packing in theannular space between the tubular string and the casing of the casedwellbore portion is set downhole relative to the first Venturi sectionto effect hydraulic isolation of the step of pumping a fracturing fluidT2.

Similarly, the packers 98 b and 98 c, if present and previously set,help axially contain the fracturing fluid T2 in the annular spacebetween the casing 86 and the wellbore wall 12 a of the wellbore 10. Therate and pressure of pumping the fracturing fluid into the annular spaceforces the fracturing fluid T2 into the subterranean formation 12.Preferably, the rate and pressure of pumping the fracturing fluid T2 issufficiently high such that combined with at least a sufficientcontainment of the flow of the fracturing fluid, it is directed into thesubterranean formation 12 at a rate and pressure adapted to be at leastsufficient to fracture the formation.

As will be appreciated by a person of skill in the art, the varioussteps according to the method can be repeated in any practical sequenceto fracture additional uphole treatment intervals.

General Steps for the Methods

Determining a Treatment Interval

As used herein, a “treatment interval” is an interval (an axial length)of a wellbore portion that is designed to be subjected to a fracturingfluid at or above a fluid pumping rate and pressure sufficient toinitiate or extend at least one fracture in the subterranean formationsurrounding the wellbore.

Designing a treatment interval is according to currently known andevolving understandings in the art for the engineering of fracturing ofvarious types of subterranean formations. As will be understood by aperson of skill in the art, several factors are used according to theinvention to design a treatment interval in a wellbore portion. Thefactors include, without limitation: identification of a producing zone,the formation fracture pressure (the pressure above which injection offluids will cause the subterranean formation to fracture hydraulically),available pumping capability from the wellhead (maximum availablepumping rate and pressure), maximum rate and pressure of pumping thefracturing fluid from the wellhead down through a tubular string to thetreatment interval, the leak off rate of the fracturing fluid into thesurrounding subterranean formation, and the rate of any axial escape offracturing fluid from the treatment interval.

As used herein, an uphole or a downhole “end” of a treatment interval isdefined as follows.

For an uphole end or a downhole end defined by a set packing of atubular string run into a wellbore portion, the “end” is the axialmiddle of the one or more expandable packing elements of the packer,measured uphole or downhole, respectively, from the axially closest ofthe one or more tubular string openings.

For an uphole end or a downhole end defined by a set cement or other setsealing compound in an annular space for sealing a tubular string runinto a wellbore portion, the “end” is axially 12 inches (12″) into theset cement or set sealing compound measured uphole or downhole,respectively, from the axially closest of the one or more tubular stringopenings.

For an uphole end or a downhole end defined by a Venturi section of atubular string run into an openhole wellbore portion, the “end” is theaxial end of a summational axial length of the blocking that extends forat least 7 (seven) times the nominal wellbore diameter of an openholewellbore portion, measured uphole or downhole, respectively, from theaxially closest of the one or more tubular string openings.

For an uphole end or a downhole end defined by a Venturi section of atubular string run into a cased wellbore portion, the “end” is the axialend of a summational axial length of the blocking that extends for atleast one inch (1″), measured uphole or downhole, respectively, from theaxially closest of the one or more tubular string openings.

In case an uphole end or a downhole end could possibly be defined bymore two or more of a packer, a set cement or other set sealingcompound, or a Venturi section, or two or more of any combination ofthese, the “end” is the axially closest of the possible ends, measureduphole or downhole, respectively, from the axially closest of the one ormore tubular string openings. In a special case, a downhole end can bedefined by a terminal end of a wellbore, such as the toe end of ahorizontal wellbore portion, or plugging of the downhole end of thewellbore portion. In case a downhole end could possibly be defined by aterminal end or plugging, a packer, a set cement or other set sealingcompound, or a Venturi section, or any combination of these, the “end”is the axially closest of the possible ends, measured downhole from theaxially closest of the one or more tubular string openings.

As explained in detail and as will be understood by a person of skill inthe art, according to the inventions a Venturi section is used topartially contain the pumped fracturing fluid in a treatment interval.This helps direct at least a sufficient rate and pressure of the pumpedfracturing fluid into the surrounding subterranean formation to initiateor extend at least one fracture in the subterranean formationsurrounding the wellbore. According to the inventions and as willhereinafter be explained in detail, it has been recognized that packingof the tubular string is not required to achieve a treatment interval.

Tubular String Openings

As used herein, a “tubular string opening” is for allowing a treatmentfluid, such as a fracturing fluid, that is pumped downhole through atubular string to a treatment section of the tubular string to bereleased outside the tubular string. One or more tubular string openingscan be formed. As will be appreciated by a person of skill in the art, atubular string opening must be sufficiently large, that is, have asufficient opening size and shape, to allow the fracturing fluid that isused to be pumped through the opening without becoming blocked orplugged by any material in the fracturing fluid. In addition, the one ormore tubular string openings must have at least a sufficient summationalsize so that the fracturing fluid can be pumped through the one or moreopenings at a rate and pressure that is at least sufficient to fracturethe subterranean formation of the treatment interval. The “summationalsize” of the one or more tubular string openings is the summed size orsizes of the one or more tubular string openings.

The tubular string opening can be formed in a treatment section of thetubular string or the tubular string opening can be at the end of aVenturi section. For example, referring to FIG. 1A tubular stringopenings 61 a can be formed in a treatment section 26 a, or referring toFIG. 2 a tubular string end opening 63 at the end of the passageway of atubular Venturi section 40 a. More than one tubular string opening canbe formed in a treatment section of the tubular string. The treatmentsection is an axial portion of one or more tubular members. According tothe invention, a treatment section of a tubular string is axiallybounded at at least one end thereof by the body of a Venturi section.

If there is a treatment section employed in a method according to theinvention, the treatment section has a treatment length defined by theaxial span of the one or more tubular string openings through which thefracturing fluid is to be pumped during the step of pumping. Thetreatment section has a nominal length-weighted outside diameter that isequal to or less than 98% of the nominal wellbore diameter forfracturing of an openhole wellbore portion or the nominal casing insidediameter of the casing for fracturing of a cased wellbore portion. Morepreferably, the treatment section has a nominal length-weighted outsidediameter that is equal to or less than 96% of the nominal wellborediameter or the nominal inside diameter of the casing, depending on theapplication to an openhole wellbore portion or to a cased wellboreportion. More preferably still, the treatment section has a nominallength-weighted outside diameter that is equal to or less than 93% ofthe nominal wellbore diameter or the nominal casing inside diameter,depending on the application. Most preferably, the treatment section hasa nominal length-weighted outside diameter that is equal to or less than80% of the nominal wellbore diameter or the nominal inside diameter,depending on the application.

It is to be understood that a tubular string opening can be formed atthe downhole end of a Venturi section without a treatment section of atubular string.

Step of Forming One or More Tubular String Openings

In general, the step of forming one or more tubular string openings canbe accomplished in various ways. For example, referring back to FIG. 2,a tubular string opening can be a pre-formed end opening 63 at the endof the passageway of a tubular Venturi section 40. Referring to FIG. 1A,for example, a tubular string opening can be a pre-formed tubular stringopening 61 a in the tubular wall of a treatment section 26 a. Apre-formed tubular string opening in the tubular wall of the treatmentsection can be temporarily covered with a rupture disk or a sleeve (notshown).

The step of forming one or more tubular string openings can include:before the step of running in a tubular string, forming tubular stringopening in a treatment section of the tubular string. The step offorming one or more tubular string openings can include: after the stepof running in the tubular string, perforating a treatment section of thetubular string to form one or more tubular string openings. As will beappreciated by a person of skill in the art, the step of forming one ormore tubular string openings can include: after the step of running inthe tubular string, pumping a fluid into the tubular string at apressure sufficient to rupture a rupture disk covering a pre-formedtubular string opening in the tubular string. In addition, it is to beunderstood that the step of forming one or more tubular string openingscan include: after the step of running in the tubular string, moving asleeve to open a closed tubular string opening in the tubular string.

Casing Openings

As used herein, a “casing opening” is for allowing a treatment fluid,such as a fracturing fluid, that is pumped downhole through a tubularstring and through one or more tubular string openings to be releasedoutside a surrounding casing. One or more casing openings can be formed.As will be appreciated by a person of skill in the art, a casing openingmust be sufficiently large, that is, have a sufficient opening size andshape, to allow the fracturing fluid that is used to be pumped throughthe opening without becoming blocked or plugged by any material in thefracturing fluid. In addition, the one or more casing openings must haveat least a sufficient summational size so that the fracturing fluid canbe pumped through the one or more casing openings at a rate and pressurethat is at least sufficient to fracture the subterranean formation ofthe treatment interval. The “summational size” of the one or more casingopenings is the summed size or sizes of the one or more casing openings.

Step of Forming One or More Casing Openings

As will be appreciated by a person of skill in the art, the step offorming one or more casing openings can be similar to the step offorming one or more tubular string openings. An example is illustratedin the embodiment shown in FIGS. 18A-B for opening pre-formedperforations 94 in a casing 86 with a sliding sleeve 96. Another exampleis illustrated in FIGS. 19A-G, where the tubular string and the casingare perforated simultaneously with a perforating gun, as describedherein.

Downhole Venturi Section and Internal Plug

In general, according to the methods of the invention, a second Venturisection can be positioned downhole relative to the tubular stringopening, wherein the tubular string opening and the second Venturisection are not axially separated by a set packing between the tubularstring and the openhole wellbore portion to be treated or between thetubular string and the casing of the cased wellbore portion to betreated, as the case may be. In addition, there should be no openpassageway to another tubular string opening below the second Venturisection. Preferably, the passageway of the tubular string is internallyplugged at a location downhole relative to the second Venturi section.For example, the passageway of the tubular string can be internallyplugged with a bridge plug. The bridge plug can be a removable ordrillable bridge plug. When a second Venturi section is positioneddownhole to a first Venturi section, the treatment interval has adownhole end established by the downhole end of an axial span of asummational axial length of the second Venturi section. It is to beunderstood that there may be more than two Venturi sections employed ina method according to the inventions.

Step of Pumping

The step of pumping a fracturing fluid is at a rate and pressure that isgreater than can be dissipated by the permeability of the subterraneanformation surrounding the wellbore portion along the treatment intervaland through nominally constricted cross-sectional areas provided by theuphole and downhole Venturi sections.

In the embodiment for fracturing an openhole wellbore portion includingthe use of the uphole and downhole Venturi sections (also referred to asfirst and second Venturi sections), the treatment interval need not be,and preferably is not, bounded by a set packing of the tubular stringbetween the tubular string and the openhole wellbore portion.

In the embodiment for fracturing a cased wellbore portion including theuse of the uphole and downhole Venturi sections, preferably thetreatment interval is additionally bounded by uphole and downholepackers external of the casing. It is also contemplated that the casedwellbore portion can be cemented in addition to or instead of employingpackers external of the casing. This helps axially contain thefracturing fluid and the pressure of pumping in the desired interval ofthe wellbore portion.

As will be appreciated by a person of skill in the art, the fracturingfluid can include: water, water mixtures, hydrocarbon, inert gases,inert gas-water mixtures, polymer, a cross-linked polymer, an acid, aproppant, and any combination thereof in any proportion.

Optional Additional Steps and Combinations

Any of the embodiments according to the inventions can optionallyfurther include, after the step of pumping a fracturing fluid, the stepsof: (a) plugging the tubular string at a location uphole of the one ormore tubular string openings or uphole of the treatment section; and (b)repeating the steps of forming one or more tubular string openings andpumping a fracturing fluid in a second wellbore portion of the well atan uphole location relative to plugged location. The second wellboreportion can be the same or different as the first wellbore portion.

In the embodiments for fracturing more than one openhole wellboreportions, the second openhole wellbore portion of the well can have anominal wellbore diameter that is the same as the nominal wellborediameter of the first openhole wellbore portion. It is to be understoodthat the second openhole wellbore portion of the well can have a nominalwellbore diameter that is larger than the nominal wellbore diameter ofthe first openhole wellbore portion.

Similarly, in the embodiments for fracturing more than one casedwellbore portions, the second cased wellbore portion of the well canhave a nominal inside diameter of the casing that is the same as thenominal inside diameter of the casing of the first cased wellboreportion. It is also possible that the second cased wellbore portion ofthe well can have a nominal inside diameter of the casing that is largerthan the nominal inside diameter of the casing of the first casedwellbore portion.

Moreover, the method of fracturing an openhole wellbore portion can becombined with the method of fracturing a cased wellbore portion. Forexample, a well can have an openhole wellbore portion that is downholeof a cased wellbore portion. According to an embodiment of theinventions, the openhole wellbore portion can be treated in a firstfracturing stage, and without necessity of removing the tubular stringfrom the wellbore, the cased wellbore portion can be treated in a secondfracturing stage.

Any of the methods according to the invention can optionally furtherinclude, after the step of pumping a fracturing fluid, any one or moreof the steps of: (a) flowing back through the tubular string; (b)flowing back through the annulus around the tubular string; (c)circulating through the tubular string and the annulus around thetubular string; (d) producing through the tubular string; (e) testingthe flow from the tubular string. It is to be understood that flowingfrom the tubular string or the annulus around the tubular string refersto the portion of the tubular string of the treatment interval or acrossa Venturi section.

In addition, any of the methods can further include, after the step ofpumping a fracturing fluid, the step of: pulling the tubular string outof the wellbore.

Examples Are Illustrative of Invention

Therefore, the present invention is well adapted to attain the ends andadvantages mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein. Theparticular embodiments disclosed herein are illustrative only, as thepresent invention may be modified and practiced in different butequivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having thebenefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations areintended to the details of construction or design herein shown, otherthan as described in the claims below. It is, therefore, evident thatthe particular illustrative embodiments disclosed above may be alteredor modified and all such variations are considered within the scope andspirit of the present invention.

While compositions and methods are described in terms of “comprising,”“containing,” or “including” various components or steps, thecompositions and methods also can “consist essentially of or “consist ofthe various components and steps.

Also, the terms in the claims have their plain, ordinary meaning unlessotherwise explicitly and clearly defined herein. Moreover, theindefinite articles “a” or “an”, as used in the claims, are definedherein to mean one or more than one of the element that it introduces.If there is any conflict in the usages of a word or term in thisspecification and one or more patent(s) or other documents that may beincorporated herein by reference, the definitions that are consistentwith this specification should be adopted.

1. A method of fracturing an openhole wellbore portion of a well, themethod comprising the steps of: (A) obtaining a fracturing job designhaving at least one treatment interval for the openhole wellboreportion, wherein the treatment interval: (1) has a nominalcross-sectional area defined by the nominal wellbore diameter of theopenhole wellbore portion; and (2) has an uphole end and a downhole end;(B) running a tubular string into the treatment interval, wherein thetubular string has an axial passageway; (C) before or after the step ofrunning, forming one or more tubular string openings in the tubularstring, wherein after the step of running, the one or more tubularstring openings are positioned in the treatment interval; (D) except forthe axial passageway of the tubular string, blocking at least 86% of thenominal cross-sectional area of the treatment interval that is betweenone of the ends of the treatment interval and the axially closest of theone or more tubular string openings to the one of the ends, wherein theblocking is along a summational axial length that is at least 7 timesthe nominal wellbore diameter, and, except for the axial passageway ofthe tubular string, leaving unblocked at least 4% of the nominalcross-sectional area of the treatment interval that is along an entireaxial length between the one of the ends of the treatment interval andthe axially closest of the one or more tubular string openings to theone of the ends; and (E) pumping a fracturing fluid through the tubularstring and through the one or more tubular string openings at a rate andpressure sufficient to initiate at least one fracture in thesubterranean formation surrounding the treatment interval.
 2. (canceled)3. The method according to claim 1, wherein prior to the step ofpumping, no packing of the tubular string is set uphole within 1,500feet of the treatment interval.
 4. (canceled)
 5. The method according toclaim 1, wherein the step of blocking is with a Venturi section. 6-10.(canceled)
 11. A method of fracturing an openhole wellbore portion of awell, wherein the openhole wellbore portion has a nominal wellborediameter, the method comprising the steps of: (A) running a tubularstring having a Venturi section into the openhole wellbore portion ofthe well; (B) before or after the step of running, forming one or moretubular string openings in the tubular string to be located downholerelative to the Venturi section of the tubular string, wherein: (1) theone or more tubular string openings allow fluid to flow from the tubularstring to outside the tubular string; (2) the Venturi section has agenerally tubular wall that has a passageway extending axially therein,wherein the passageway of the Venturi section is in fluid communicationwith the one or more tubular string openings; (3) the one or moretubular string openings and the Venturi section are not axiallyseparated by a closed internal plug within the tubular string; and (C)pumping a fracturing fluid through the tubular string and through theone or more tubular string openings at a rate and pressure sufficient toinitiate at least one fracture in the subterranean formation surroundingthe wellbore portion; wherein the generally tubular wall of the Venturisection is adapted to provide at least a sufficient Venturi effect at atleast one axial position along a summational axial length thereofbetween the tubular string and the wall of the openhole wellbore portionso that during the step of pumping a fracturing fluid, the Venturieffect contains a sufficient pressure of the fracturing fluid in atreatment interval of the wellbore portion to initiate the at least onefracture.
 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein prior to thestep of pumping, no packing of the tubular string is set uphole within1,500 feet of the Venturi section. 13-14. (canceled)
 15. The methodaccording to claim 11, wherein the summational axial length is within anaxial span that is equal to or less than 20 times the nominal wellborediameter.
 16. The method according to claim 11, wherein the Venturisection of the tubular string is non-swellable, non-inflatable, andnon-expandable.
 17. The method according to claim 11, wherein thesummational axial length of the Venturi section is contiguous. 18-20.(canceled)
 21. A method of fracturing a cased wellbore portion of awell, the method comprising the steps of: (A) obtaining a fracturing jobdesign having at least one treatment interval for the cased wellboreportion, wherein the treatment interval: (1) has a nominalcross-sectional area defined by the nominal casing inside diameter ofthe casing of the cased wellbore portion; and (2) has an uphole end anda downhole end; (B) running a tubular string into the treatmentinterval, wherein the tubular string has an axial passageway; (C) beforeor after the step of running, forming one or more tubular stringopenings in the tubular string, wherein after the step of running, theone or more tubular string openings are positioned in the treatmentinterval; (D) before or after the step of running, forming one or morecasing openings in the casing of the treatment interval; (E) except forthe axial passageway of the tubular string, blocking at least 86% of thenominal cross-sectional area of the treatment interval that is betweenone of the ends of the treatment interval and the axially closest of theone or more tubular string openings to the one of the ends, wherein theblocking is along a summational axial length that is at least one inch,and, except for the axial passageway of the tubular string, leavingunblocked at least 4% of the nominal cross-sectional area of thetreatment interval that is along an entire axial length between the oneof the ends of the treatment interval and the axially closest of the oneor more tubular string openings to the one of the ends; and (F) pumpinga fracturing fluid through the tubular string, through the one or moretubular string openings, and through the one or more casing openings ata rate and pressure sufficient to initiate at least one fracture in thesubterranean formation surrounding the treatment interval, wherein priorto the step of pumping, no packing of the tubular string is set upholewithin 1,500 feet of the treatment interval.
 22. (canceled)
 23. Themethod according to claim 21, wherein the step of blocking: extends forthe summational axial length that is continuous for at least 2 times thenominal casing inside diameter; and does not have any opening in thetubular wall along the summational axial length thereof that would allowfluid to flow from the passageway to outside the tubular string. 24.(canceled)
 25. The method according to claim 21, wherein the step ofblocking is with a Venturi section. 26-30. (canceled)
 31. A method offracturing a cased wellbore portion of a well, wherein the casedwellbore portion has a nominal casing inside diameter defining a nominalcross-sectional area of the cased wellbore portion, the methodcomprising the steps of: (A) running a tubular string having a Venturisection into the cased wellbore portion of the well; (B) before or afterthe step of running, forming one or more tubular string openings in thetubular string to be located downhole relative to the upper end of theVenturi section of the tubular string, wherein: (1) the one or moretubular string openings allow fluid to flow from the tubular string tooutside the tubular string; (2) the Venturi section has a generallytubular wall that has a passageway extending axially therein, whereinthe passageway of the Venturi section is in fluid communication with theone or more tubular string openings; and (3) the one or more tubularstring openings and the Venturi section are not axially separated by aclosed internal plug within the tubular string; and (C) before or afterthe step of running, forming one or more casing openings in the casingto be located downhole relative to the upper end of the Venturi sectionof the tubular string; and (D) pumping a fracturing fluid through thetubular string, through the one or more tubular string openings, andthrough the one or more casing openings at a rate and pressuresufficient to initiate at least one fracture in the subterraneanformation surrounding the cased wellbore portion, wherein prior to thestep of pumping, no packing of the tubular string is set uphole within1,500 feet of the Venturi section; wherein the generally tubular wall ofthe Venturi section is adapted to provide at least a sufficient Venturieffect between the tubular string and the inside casing wall of thecased wellbore portion so that during the step of pumping a fracturingfluid, the Venturi effect contains a sufficient pressure of thefracturing fluid in the casing of the cased wellbore to initiate the atleast one fracture in the subterranean formation surrounding the casedwellbore portion.
 32. The method according to claim 31, wherein thegenerally tubular wall of the Venturi section: extends for a summationalaxial length that is continuous for at least 2 times the nominal casinginside diameter; and does not have any opening in the tubular wall alongthe summational axial length thereof that would allow fluid to flow fromthe passageway to outside the tubular string. 33-34. (canceled)
 35. Themethod according to claim 31, wherein a summational axial length iswithin an axial span that is equal to or less than 20 times the nominalcasing inside diameter.
 36. The method according to claim 31, whereinthe Venturi section of the tubular string is non-swellable,non-inflatable, and non-expandable.
 37. The method according to claim31, wherein a summational axial length of the Venturi section iscontiguous. 38-40. (canceled)